ARTOIS, MONSEIGNEUR D’, famed, as described in Carlyle’s “French Revolution,” for “breeches of a new kind in this world”; brother of Louis XVI., and afterwards CHARLES X. (q. v.).

AR`UNDEL (2), a municipal town in Sussex, on the Arun, 9 m.  E. of Chichester, with a castle of great magnificence, the seat of the Earls of Arundel.

ARUNDEL, THOMAS, successively bishop of Ely, Lord Chancellor, archbishop of York, and archbishop of Canterbury; a persecutor of the Wickliffites, but a munificent benefactor of the Church (1353-1414).

ARUNDEL MARBLES, ancient Grecian marbles collected at Smyrna and elsewhere by the Earl of Arundel in 1624, now in the possession of the University of Oxford, the most important of which is one from Paros inscribed with a chronology of events in Grecian history from 1582 to 264 B.C.; the date of the marbles themselves is 263 B.C.

ARUNS, son of Tarquinus Superbus, who fell in single combat with Brutus.

ARUWI`MI, an affluent of the Congo on the right bank below the Stanley Falls.

ARVA`TES, FRATRES, a college of twelve priests in ancient Rome whose duty it was to make annual offerings to the Lares for the increase of the fruits of the field.

ARVE, a river that flows through the valley of Chamouni and falls into the Rhone below Geneva.

ARVEYRON, an affluent of the Arve from the Mer de Glace.

AR`YANS, or Indo-Europeans, a race that is presumed to have had its primitive seat in Central Asia, E. of the Caspian Sea and N. of the Hindu-Kush, and to have branched off at different periods north-westward and westward into Europe, and southward into Persia and the valley of the Ganges, from which sprung the Greeks, Latins, Celts, Teutons, Slavs, on the one hand, and the Persians and Hindus on the other, a community of origin that is attested by the comparative study of their respective languages.

AR`ZEW, a seaport in Algeria, 22 m. from Oran, with Roman remains; exports grain and salt.

ASAFOE`TIDA, a fetid inspissated sap from an Indian umbelliferous tree, used in medicine.

ASAPH, a musician of the temple at Jerusalem.

ASAPH, ST., a town in Flintshire, 20 m. from Chester; seat of a bishopric.

ASBES`TOS, an incombustible mineral of a flax-like fibrous texture, which has been manufactured into cloth, paper, lamp-wick, steam-pipes, gas-stoves, &c.

ASBJOeRN`SEN, a Dane, distinguished as a naturalist, and particularly as a collector of folk-lore, as well as an author of children’s stories (1812-1885).

AS`BURY, FRANCIS, a zealous, assiduous Methodist preacher and missionary, sent to America, was consecrated the first bishop of the newly organised Methodist Church there (1745-1816).

AS`CALON, one of the five cities of the Philistines, much contested for during the Crusades.

ASCA`NIUS, the son of AEneas, who trotted non passibus aequis ("with unequal steps”) by the side of his father as he escaped from burning Troy; was founder of Alba Longa.