GRAMPIANS, 1, a name somewhat loosely applied to the central and chief mountain system of Scotland, which stretches E. and W. right across the country, with many important offshoots running N. and S.; the principal heights are Ben Nevis (4406 ft), Ben Macdhui (4296 ft.), Cairntoul (4200 ft.). 2, A range of mountains in the W. of Victoria, Australia, highest elevation 5600 ft.

GRANADA, the last of the ancient Moorish kingdoms to be conquered (1492) in Spain, in the SE. of Andalusia, fronting the Mediterranean, now divided into Granada, Almeria, and Malaga; the modern province (484) has an area of 4928 sq. m.; Granada (72), the capital, is beautifully situated at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, on an eminence 2245 ft. above sea-level, 140 m.  SE. of Seville; the Jenil flows past it; has a large university, a cathedral, and monastery; was founded by the Moors in the 8th century, but has been largely rebuilt on modern principles.

GRANADA, NEW (9), a commercial town in Nicaragua, Central America, on the NW. shore of Lake Nicaragua.

GRANBY, JOHN MANNERS, MARQUIS OF, an English general, eldest son of the third Duke of Rutland; rose to be commander-in-chief of the British army in Germany during the Seven Years’ War; distinguished himself at Warburg; in 1763 he was master-general of the ordnance, and in 1766 commander-in-chief of the army; was the victim of some of Junius’s most scathing invectives (1721-1770).

GRAND ALLIANCE, an alliance signed at Vienna 1689 by England, Germany, and the States-General to prevent the union of France and Spain.

GRAND JURY, a jury appointed to decide whether there are grounds for an accusation to warrant a trial.

GRAND LAMAISM, a belief of the people of Thibet that Providence sends down always an incarnation of Himself into every generation.

GRAND MONARQUE, THE, LOUIS XIV. (q. v.) of France, so called.

GRAND PENSIONARY, a state official in the Dutch Republic; in earlier times the Grand Pensionary was Secretary and also Advocate-General of the province of Holland; later his duties embraced the care of foreign affairs; held office for five years, but was generally re-elected; the office was abolished in 1795.

GRANDISON, SIR CHARLES, the hero of one of Richardson’s novels, a character representative of an ideal Christian and gentleman.

GRANDVILLE, the pseudonym of JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE GERARD, a French caricaturist, born at Nancy; his fame was first established by the “Metamorphoses du Jour,” a series of satirical sketches representing men with animal faces characteristic of them; his subsequent work embraced political cartoons and illustrations for “Gulliver’s Travels,” “Don Quixote,” “Robinson Crusoe,” La Fontaine’s “Fables,” &c. (1803-1847).

GRANGEMOUTH (6), a busy port in Stirlingshire, on the Forth, 3 m.  NE. of Falkirk; exports iron-ware and coal; has excellent docks, and does some shipbuilding.