CLERK, JOHN, OF ELDIN, of the Penicuik family, an Edinburgh merchant, first suggested the naval manoeuvre of “breaking the enemy’s lines,” which was first successfully adopted against the French in 1782 (1728-1812).

CLERK, JOHN, son of preceding, a Scottish judge, under the title of Lord Eldin, long remembered in Edinburgh for his wit (1757-1832).

CLERKENWELL (66), a parish in Finsbury, London, originally an aristocratic quarter, now the centre of the manufacture of jewellery and watches.

CLERMONT, ROBERT, COMTE DE, sixth son of St. Louis, head of the house of Bourbon.

CLERMONT FERRAND (45), the ancient capital of Auvergne and chief town of the dep.  Puy-de-Dome; the birthplace of Pascal, Gregory of Tours, and Dessaix, and where, in 1095, Pope Urban II. convoked a council and decided on the first Crusade; it has been the scene of seven Church Councils.

CLERMONT-TONNERRE, Marquis, minister of France under the Restoration of the Bourbons (1779-1865).

CLERY, Louis XVI.’s valet, who waited on him in his last hours, and has left an account of what he saw of his touching farewell with his family.

CLEVELAND, a hilly district in the North Riding of Yorkshire, rich in iron-stone.

CLEVELAND (381), the second city of Ohio, on the shores of Lake Erie, 230 m.  NE. of Cincinnati; is built on a plain considerably above the level of the lake; the winding Cuyahoga River divides it into two parts, and the industrial quarters are on the lower level of its banks; the city is noted for its wealth of trees in the streets and parks, hence called “The Forest City,” and for the absence of tenement houses; it has a university, several colleges, and two libraries; it is the terminus of the Ohio Canal and of seven railways, and the iron ore of Lake Superior shores, the limestone of Lake Erie Islands, and the Ohio coal are brought together here, and every variety of iron manufacture carried on; there is a great lumber market, and an extensive general trade.

CLEVELAND, GROVER, President of the United States, born in New Jersey, son of a Presbyterian minister; bred for the bar; became President in the Democratic interest in 1885; unseated for his free-trade leaning by Senator Harrison, 1889; became the President a second time in 1893; retired in 1897.

CLEVELAND, JOHN, partisan of Charles I.; imprisoned for abetting the Royalist cause against the Parliament, but after some time set at liberty in consequence of a letter he wrote to Cromwell pleading that he was a poor man, and that in his poverty he suffered enough; he was a poet, and used his satirical faculty in a political interest, one of his satires being an onslaught on the Scots for betraying Charles I.; d. 1650.

CLEVES (10), a Prussian town 46 m.  NW. of Duesseldorf, once the capital of a duchy connected by a canal with the Rhine; manufactures textile fabrics and tobacco.

CLICHY (30), a manufacturing suburb of Paris, on the NW. and right bank of the Seine.