CIVA, or SIVA, the third member of the Hindu Trinity, the destroyer of what Vishnu is the preserver and Brahma is the creator, is properly Brahma undoing what he has made with a view to reincarnation.

CIVIL LAW, a system of laws for the regulation of civilised communities formed on Roman laws, digested in the pandects of Justinian.

CIVIL LIST, the yearly sum granted by the Parliament of England at the commencement of each reign for the support of the royal household, and to maintain the dignity of the Crown:  it amounts now to L385,000.

CIVIL SERVICE, the paid service done to the State, exclusive of that of the army and navy.

CIVILIS, CLAUDIUS, a Batavian chief who revolted against Vespasian, but on defeat was able to conclude an honourable peace.

CIVITA VECCHIA (11), a fortified port on the W. coast of Italy, 40 m.  NW. of Rome, with a good harbour, founded by Trajan; exports wheat, alum, cheese, &c.

CLACKMANNANSHIRE (28), the smallest county in Scotland, lies between the Ochils and the Forth; rich in minerals, especially coal.

CLAIR, ST., a lake 30 m. long by 12 broad, connecting Lake Erie with Lake Huron.

CLAIRAUT, ALEXIS CLAUDE, a French mathematician and astronomer, born at Paris, of so precocious a genius, that he was admitted to the Academy of Sciences at the age of 18; published a theory of the figure of the earth, and computed the orbit of Halley’s comet (1713-1765).

CLAIRVAUX, a village of France, on the Aube, where St. Bernard founded a Cistercian monastery in 1115, and where he lived and was buried; now used as a prison or reformatory.

CLAIRVOYANCE, the power ascribed to certain persons in a mesmeric state of seeing and describing events at a distance or otherwise invisible.

CLAN, a tribe of blood relations descended from a common ancestor, ranged under a chief in direct descent from him, and having a common surname, as in the Highlands of Scotland; at bottom a military organisation for defensive and predatory purposes.

CLAN-NA-GAEL, a Fenian organisation founded at Philadelphia in 1870, to secure by violence the complete emancipation of Ireland from British control.

CLAPHAM, a SW. suburb of London, in the county of Surrey, 4 m. from St. Paul’s, and inhabited by a well-to-do middle-class community, originally of evangelical principles, and characterised as the Clapham Set.

CLAPPERTON, CAPTAIN HUGH, an African explorer, born at Annan; bred in the navy, joined two expeditions into Central Africa to ascertain the length and course of the Niger, but got no farther than Sokoto, where he was attacked with dysentery and died (1788-1827).

CLAeRCHEN, a female character in Goethe’s “Egmont.”

CLARE (124), a county in Munster, Ireland; also an island at the mouth of Clew Bay, county Mayo.