CALORIUS, ABRAHAM, a fiery Lutheran polemic, a bitter enemy of George Calixtus (1612-1686).

CALOTYPE, a process of photography invented by Fox Talbot in 1840, by means of the action of light on nitrate of silver.

CALPE, Gibraltar, one of the PILLARS OF HERCULES (q. v.).

CALPURNIA, the last wife of Julius Caesar, daughter of the consul Piso, who, alive to the danger of conspiracy, urged Caesar to stay at home the day he was assassinated.

CALTAGIRONE (28), a city 38 m.  SW. of Catania; the staple industry is pottery and terra-cotta ware.

CAL`UMET, among the American Indians a pipe for smoking, which if accepted when offered, was an emblem of peace, and if rejected, a declaration of war.

CALVADOS (428), a maritime dep. in N. of France, skirted by dangerous rocks of the same name, with a fertile soil and a moist climate.

CALVAERT, DENIS, a painter, born at Antwerp; settled at Bologna, where he founded a school, from whence issued many eminent artists, among others Guidi Reni, Domenichino, and Albani; his masterpiece, “St. Michael” in St. Peter’s, Bologna (1555-1619).

CALVARY, the place of the crucifixion, identified with a hill on the N. of Jerusalem, looked down upon from the city, with a cliff on which criminals were cast down prior to being stoned; also name given to effigies of the crucifixion in Catholic countries, erected for devotion.

CALVERLEY, CHARLES STUART, a clever English parodist, Fellow of Christ’s Church, Oxford; wrote “Fly-Leaves” and “Verses and Translations”; his parodies among the most amusing of the century, flavoured by the author’s scholarship (1831-1884).

CALVERT, GEORGE and CECIL, father and son, Lords Baltimore; founders, under charter from James I., of Maryland, U.S.

CALVIN, JOHN, or CAUVIN, the great Reformer, born at Noyon, in Picardy; devoted for a time to the law, was sent to study at the university of Orleans, after having mastered Latin as a boy at Paris; became acquainted with the Scriptures, and acquired a permanently theological bent; professed the Protestant faith; proceeded to Paris; became the centre of a dangerous religious excitement; had to flee for his life from France; retired to Basel, where he studied Hebrew and wrote his great epoch-making book, the “Institutes of the Christian Religion”; making after this for Strassburg, he chanced to pass through Geneva, was arrested as by the hand of God to stay and help on God’s work in the place, but proceeded with such rigour that he was expelled, though recalled after three years; on his return he proposed and established his system of Church government, which allowed of no license in faith any more than conduct, as witness the burning of Servetus for denying the doctrine of the Trinity; for twenty years he held sway in Geneva, and for so long he was regarded as the head of the Reformed Churches in Scotland, Switzerland, Holland, and France.  Besides his “Institutes,”