CALLIC`RATES, along with Ictinos, architect of the Parthenon in Athens.

CALLIM`ACHUS, Greek architect, inventor of the Corinthian order, 4th century B.C.

CALLIMACHUS, Greek poet, born in Cyrena; taught grammar and belles-lettres at Alexandria; was keeper of the library there; of his writings, which are said to have been on a variety of subjects and very numerous, only a few epigrams and hymns remain; was admired by Catullus, Ovid, and Propertius, and flourished in the 3rd century B.C.

CALLI`OPE, the muse of epic poetry and eloquence, is represented with a tablet and stylus, and sometimes with a paper roll.  See MUSES.

CALLIS`THENES, a disciple of Aristotle, who accompanied Alexander the Great to India, and was put to death by his order for remonstrating with him on his adoption of the manners and style of the potentates of the East, but professedly on a charge of treason.

CALLIS`TRATUS, an Athenian orator, who kindled in Demosthenes a passion for his art; his Spartan sympathies brought him to grief, and led to his execution as a traitor.

CALLOT, JACQUES, engraver and etcher, born at Nancy; his etchings, executed many of them at the instance of the Grand-duke of Tuscany and Louis XIII. of France, amounted to 1600 pieces, such as those of the sieges of Breda and Rochelle, which are much admired, as also those of the gipsies with whom he associated in his youth (1593-1633).

CALMET, AUGUSTINE, a learned Benedictine and biblical scholar, born in Lorraine, but known in England by his “Historical, Critical, and Chronological Dictionary of the Bible,” the first published book of its kind of any note, and much referred to at one time as an authority; he wrote also a “Commentary on the Bible” in 23 vols., and a “Universal History” in 17 vols. (1672-1757).

CALMS, THE, tracts of calm in the ocean, on the confines of the trade winds, and which lasts for weeks at a time.

CALOMAR`DE, DUKE, a Spanish statesman; minister of Ferdinand VII.; a violent enemy of liberal principles and measures, and a reactionary; obnoxious to the people; arrested for treachery, escaped into France by bribing his captors (1773-1842).

CALONNE, CHARLES ALEXANDRE DE, French financier under Louis XVI., born at Douay; a man of “fiscal genius; genius for persuading, before all things for borrowing”; succeeded Necker in 1783 as comptroller-general of the finances in France; after four years of desperate attempts at financial adjustment, could do nothing but convoke the Notables in 1787; could give no account of his administration that would satisfy them; was dismissed, and had to quit Paris and France; “his task to raise the wind and the winds,” says Carlyle, “and he did it,” referring to the Revolution he provoked; was permitted by Napoleon to return to France, where he died in embarrassed circumstances (1734-1802).

CALORIC, the name given by physicists to the presumed subtle element which causes heat.