CALDERWOOD, DAVID, a Scotch ecclesiastic, born at Dalkeith; became minister of Crailing; first imprisoned, and then banished for resisting the attempts of James VI. to establish Episcopacy in Scotland; wrote a book, “Altare Damascenum,” in Holland, whither he had retired, being a searching criticism of the claims of the Episcopacy; returned on the death of the king, and wrote a “History of the Kirk” (1575-1650).

CALEDONIA, the Roman name for Scotland N. of the Wall of Antoninus, since applied poetically to the whole of Scotland.

CALEDONIAN CANAL, a canal across the NW. of Scotland, executed by Telford, for the passage of ships between the Atlantic and the North Sea, 60 m. long, 40 m. of which consist of natural lakes; begun 1803, finished 1823; cost L1,300,000; has 28 locks; was constructed for the benefit of coasting vessels to save the risks they encountered in the Pentland Firth.

CALENDS, the first day of the Roman month, so called as the day on which the feast days and unlucky days of the month were announced.

CAL`GARY, the capital of Alberta, in NW. territory of Canada.

CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL, an American statesman, born in S. Carolina, of Irish descent; all through his public life in high civic position; leader of “the States rights” movement, in vindication of the doctrine that the Union was a mere compact, and any State had a right to withdraw from its conditions; and champion of the slave-holding States, regarding slavery as an institution fraught with blessing to all concerned.  His chief work is a treatise on the “Nature of Government” (1789-1850).

CALIBAN, a slave in Shakespeare’s “Tempest,” of the grossest animality of nature.

CALICUT (66), chief town on the Malabar coast, in the Madras Presidency of India, the first port at which Vasco da Gama landed in 1498, whence the cotton cloth first imported from the place got the name “calico.”

CALIFORNIA (1,208), the most south-westerly State in the American Union; occupies the Pacific seaboard between Oregon and Mexico, and is bounded landward by Nevada and Arizona.  It is the second largest State, larger by a quarter than the United Kingdom.  In the N. the rainfall is excessive, and winters severe; in the S. there is little rain, and a delightful climate.  Wheat is the most important product; the grape and all manner of fruits grow luxuriantly.  Mineral wealth is great:  it is the foremost State for gold and quicksilver; lead, silver, copper, iron, sulphur, coal, and many other minerals abound.  The industries include brandy and sugar manufactures, silk-growing, shipbuilding, and fishing.  All products are exported, eastward by the great Central, Union, and Southern Pacific railroads; and seaward, the chief port being San Francisco, the largest city, as Sacramento is the capital of the State.  The Yosemite Valley, in the Sierra Nevada, through which falls the Merced River, is the most wonderful gorge in the world.  Captured from Mexico in 1847, the discovery of gold next year raised great excitement, and brought thousands of adventurers from all over the world.  Constituted a State in 1850, the original lawlessness gradually gave way to regular administration, and progress has since been steady and rapid.