from his dupes wherever they went, after which they absconded to Paris and lived in extravagance; here he was thrown into the Bastille for complicity in the DIAMOND NECKLACE AFFAIR (q. v.); on his wife turning informer, he was consigned to the tender mercies of the Inquisition, and committed to the fortress of San Leone, where he died at 52, his wife having retired into a convent (1743-1795).  See CARLYLE’S “MISCELLANIES” for an account of his character and career.

CAGNOLA, LUIGI, MARQUIS OF, Italian architect, born at Milan; his greatest work, the “Arco della Pace,” of white marble, in his native city, the execution of which occupied him over 30 years (1762-1833).

CAGOTS, a race in the SW. of France of uncertain origin; treated as outcasts in the Middle Ages, owing, it has been supposed, to some taint of leprosy, from which, it is argued, they were by their manner of life in course of time freed.

CAHORS (13), a town in the dep. of Lot, in the S. of France, 71 m.  N. of Toulouse, with interesting Roman and other relics of antiquity.

CAIAPHAS, the High-Priest of the Jews who condemned Christ to death as a violator of the law of Moses.

CAIAPOS, a wild savage race in the woods of Brazil, hard to persuade to reconcile themselves to a settled life.

CAICOS, a group of small islands connected with the Bahamas, but annexed to Jamaica since 1874.

CAILLE, LOUIS DE LA, astronomer, studied at the Cape of Good Hope, registered stars of the Southern Hemisphere, numbering 9000, before unknown; calculated the table of eclipses for 1800 years (1713-1762).

CAILLET, a chief of the Jacquerie, a peasant insurrection in France in 1358, taken prisoner and tortured to death.

CAILLIAUD, French mineralogist, born in Nantes, travelled in Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia, collecting minerals and making observations (1787-1869).

CAILLIE, RENE, French traveller in Africa, born in Poitou, the first European to penetrate as far as Timbuctoo, in Central Africa, which he did in 1828; the temptation was a prize of 10,000 marks offered by the Geographical Society of Paris, which he received with a pension of 1000 besides (1799-1839).

CAIN, according to Genesis, the first-born of Adam and Eve, and therefore of the race, and the murderer of his brother Abel.

CAIN, THOMAS HENRY HALL, eminent novelist, born in Cheshire, of Manx blood; began life as architect and took to journalism; author of a number of novels bearing on Manx life, such as the “Deemster” and the “Manxman”; his most recent novel, the “Christian,” his greatest but most ambiguous work, and much challenged in England, though less so in America; it has been translated into most of the languages of Europe, where the verdict is divided; b. 1853.

CA IRA, “It will go on,” a popular song in France during the Revolution, said to have been a phrase of Benjamin Franklin’s, which he was in the habit of using in answering inquirers about the progress of the American revolution by his friends in France.