BULGARIA, with Eastern Roumelia (3,154), constitutes a Balkan principality larger than Ireland, with hills and fertile plains in the N., mountains and forests in the S.; Turkey is the southern boundary, Servia the western, the Danube the northern, while the Black Sea washes the eastern shores.  The climate is mild, the people industrious; the chief export is cereals; manufactures of woollens, attar of roses, wine and tobacco, are staple industries; the chief import is live stock.  SOFIA (50), the capital, is the seat of a university.  VARNA (28), on the Black Sea, is the principal port.  Bulgaria was cut out of Turkey and made independent in 1878, and Eastern Roumelia incorporated with it in 1885.

BULL, an edict of the Pope, so called from a leaden seal attached to it.

BULL, GEORGE, bishop of St. Davids, born at Wells; a stanch Churchman; wrote “Harmonia Apostolica” in reconciliation of the teachings of Paul and James on the matter of justification, and “Defensio Fidei Nicenae,” in vindication of the Trinity as enunciated in the ATHANASIAN CREED (q. v.), and denied or modified by Arians, Socinians, and Sabellians (1634-1709).

BULL, JOHN, a humorous impersonation of the collective English people, conceived of as well-fed, good-natured, honest-hearted, justice-loving, and plain-spoken; the designation is derived from Arbuthnot’s satire, “The History of John Bull,” in which the Church of England figures as his mother.

BULL, OLE BORNEMANN, a celebrated violinist, born in Bergen, Norway, pupil of Paganini; was a wise man at making money, but a fool in spending it (1810-1880).

BULL RUN, a stream in Virginia, U.S., 25 m. from Washington, where the Union army was twice defeated by the Confederate, July 1861 and August 1862.

BULLANT, a French architect and sculptor; built the tombs of Montmorency, Henry II., and Catherine de Medicis, as well as wrought at the Tuileries and the Louvre (1510-1578).

BULLER, CHARLES, a politician, born in Calcutta, pupil of Thomas Carlyle; entered Parliament at 24, a Liberal in politics; held distinguished State appointments; died in his prime, universally beloved and respected (1806-1848).

BULLER, GENERAL SIR REDVERS HENRY, served in China, Ashanti, South Africa, Egypt, and the Soudan, with marked distinction in the 60th King’s Royal Rifles; has held staff appointments, and was for a short time Under-Secretary for Ireland; b. 1839.

BULLINGER, HEINRICH, a Swiss Reformer, born in Aargau; friend and successor of Zwingli; assisted in drawing up the Helvetic Confession; was a correspondent of Lady Jane Grey (1504-1575).

BULLS AND BEARS, in the Stock Exchange, the bull being one who buys in the hope that the value may rise, and the bear one who sells in the hope that it may fall.  See BEAR.

BUeLOW, BERNARD VON, Foreign Secretary of the German empire; early entered the Foreign Office, and has done important diplomatic work in connection with it, having been secretary to several embassies and charge d’affaires to Greece during the Russo-Turkish war; b. 1850.