BOUGH, SAM, landscape painter, born at Carlisle, and settled in Edinburgh for 20 years (1822-1878).

BOUGUER, PIERRE, French physicist, born in Brittany; wrote on optics and the figure of the earth (1698-1758).

BOUGUEREAU, ADOLPHE, a distinguished French painter, born at Rochelle in 1825; his subjects both classical and religious, as well as portraits.

BOUHOUR, LE PERE, French litterateur, born at Paris (1628-1702).

BOUILLE, MARQUIS DE, a French general, born in Auvergne, distinguished in the Seven Years’ War, in the West Indies and during the Revolution; “last refuge of royalty in all straits”; favoured the flight of Louis XVI.; a “quick, choleric, sharp-discerning, stubbornly-endeavouring man, with suppressed-explosive resolution, with valour, nay, headlong audacity; muzzled and fettered by diplomatic pack-threads,... an intrepid, adamantine man”; did his utmost for royalty, failed, and quitted France; died in London, and left “Memoirs of the French Revolution” (1759-1800).  See for the part he played in it, CARLYLE’S “FRENCH REVOLUTION.”

BOUILLON, district in Belgium, originally a German duchy; belonged to Godfrey, the crusader, who pledged it to raise funds for the crusade.

BOUILLY, JEAN NICOLAS, a French dramatist, born near Tours, nicknamed, from his sentimentality “poete lacrymal” (1763-1842).

BOULAINVILLIERS, a French historian, author of a “History of Mahomet” (1658-1722).

BOULAK (20), the port of Cairo, on the Nile.

BOULAN`GER, JEAN MARIE, a French general, born at Rennes; of note for the political intrigues with which he was mixed up during the last years of his life, and the dangerous popular enthusiasm which he excited; accused of peculation; fled the country, and committed suicide at Brussels (1837-1891).

BOULAY DE LA MEURTHE, a French statesman, distinguished as an orator; took part in the redaction of the Civil Code; was a faithful adherent of Napoleon (1761-1840).  Henri, a son, vice-president of the Republic from 1849 to 1851 (1797-1858).

BOULDER, a large mass or block of rock found in localities often far removed from the place of its formation, and transported thither on the ice of the Glacial Age.

BOULEVARD, the rampart of a fortified city converted into a promenade flanked by rows of trees and a feature of Paris in particular, though the boulevard is not always on the line of a rampart.

BOULOGNE, BOIS DE, a promenade between Paris and St. Cloud, much frequented by people of fashion, and a favourite place of recreation; it rivals that of the Champs Elysees.

BOULOGNE-SUR-MER (46), a fortified seaport in France, on the English Channel, in the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, 27 m.  SW. of Calais, one of the principal ports for debarkation from England; where Napoleon collected in 1803 a flotilla to invade England; is connected by steamer with Folkestone, and a favourite watering-place; the chief station of the North Sea fisheries; is the centre of an important coasting trade, and likely to become a naval station.