Competitive survival struggle modifies the cultures of both victors and vanquished.  The dispersal and adoption of culture traits, supplemented by negotiation and accommodation, broaden the geographical area of the victors, increasing the population and adding to the material resources, the wealth and income of the enlarged group.  It may also involve the corresponding decrease of the geographical area, population, wealth and income of the vanquished.

In order to protect itself, preserve itself, to enlarge itself and, where possible, to improve itself, each competing groups aims to set up standards of ideas and conduct to which all living members of the group are presumed to agree and to which they must adhere.  When new members enter the group, by birth or adoption, they are duly indoctrinated with the group ideology.  Early in their history the individuals and sub-groups composing every civilization adopted such standards and promulgated them by the decree of a leader or by the common consent of associated groups, as the outcome of negotiation, discussion, give and take.  During the history of every civilization such agreements were reached and recorded in compacts, treaties, laws, constitutions, specifying the nature and limits of the collective cultural uniformity at which the community aimed.

The struggle for collective uniformity was long and often bitter.  Individuals and factions resented and resisted the imposition of group authority.  Internal conflict led to civil wars in the course of which the group was divided or the solidarity of the group was reaffirmed despite hardships imposed on disagreeing, divergent minorities.

Closely paralleling the group need for survival and uniformity (solidarity) was the need for group expansion, or extension.  In the competitive struggle for survival which played such an important role in the life of pre-civilized communities, strategic geographic location was often decisive.  Soil fertility, mineral deposits, timber reserves, access to waterways, location on trade routes all played a part in community survival, stability and growth.

Such geographical advantages are few and far between.  Often they are already occupied and defended by stable communities.  Their control and utilization are basic in determining the survival or elimination of rivals in the competitive struggle.

Above and beyond the need to occupy the “corner lots” of the planetary land mass was the urge of civilized peoples to advance from littleness to bigness as a goal in itself.  Confined by limitations on communication and transportation, pre-civilized man was circumscribed and localized.  With the advent of cultivation, land workers were tied to a particular piece of real estate on which they lived and worked.  When asked whether the village across the valley was Sunrise Mountain the local peasant could reply:  “How should I know?  I live here.”

Reacting against restricted living and pressed by curiosity and the spirit of adventure, the imaginative and adventurous members of each generation pressed outward from the homeland toward wider horizons.  Many traveled.  Some migrated.  Others pursued the will o’ the wisp of expansion by adding field to field.  The grass always looked greener on the other side of the mountain.  The ambitious expansionist therefore tried to control both sides.