[Illustration:  FIG. 32.—­Sample log sheet, giving full details of a transverse bending test on a small pine beam.]

Calculating the results:  The formulae used in calculating the results of tests on small rectangular simple beams are as follows: 

0.75 P
(1) J = --------
b h

1.5 P_{1} l
(2) r = -------------
b h^{2}

1.5 P l
(3) R = ---------
b h^{2}

P_{1} l^{3}
(4) E = -------------
4 D b h^{3}

P_{1} D
(5) S = ---------
2 V

The same legend is used as in BENDING LARGE BEAMS. The weight of the beam itself is disregarded.

ENDWISE COMPRESSION

Apparatus:  An ordinary static testing machine and a compressometer are required. (See Fig. 33.)

[Illustration:  FIG. 33.—­Endwise compression test, showing method of measuring the deformation by means of a compressometer.]

Preparing the material:  Two classes of specimens are commonly used, namely, (1) posts 24 inches in length, and (2) small clear blocks approximately 2” X 2” X 8”.  The specimens are surfaced on all four sides and both ends squared smoothly and evenly.  They are carefully weighed, measured, rate of growth and proportion of late wood determined, as in bending tests.  After the test a moisture section is cut and weighed.  Ordinarily these specimens should be free from defects.

Sketching:  Sketches are made of each end of the specimens to show the character of the growth.  After testing, the manner of failure is shown for all four sides, and the various parts of the failure are numbered in the order of their occurrence.

Adjusting specimen in machine:  The compressometer collars are adjusted, the distance between them being 20 inches for the posts and 6 inches for the blocks.  If the two ends of the blocks are not exactly parallel a ball-and-socket block can be placed between the upper end of the specimen and the movable head of the machine to overcome the irregularity.  If the blocks are true they can simply be stood on end upon the platform and the movable head allowed to press directly upon the upper end.

Measuring the deformation:  The deformation is measured by a compressometer. (See Fig. 33.) The latter registers to 0.001 inch.  In the case of posts the compression between the collars is communicated to the four points on the arms by means of brass rods; with short blocks, as in Fig. 33, the points of the arms are in direct contact with the collars.  The operator lowers the fulcrum of the apparatus by moving the micrometer screws at such a rate that the set-screw in the rear end of the upper lever is kept barely touching the fixed arm below it, being guided by a bell operated by electric contact.

Log of the test:  The load is applied continuously at a uniform rate of speed. (See SPEED OF TESTING MACHINE, above.) Readings are taken from the scale of the compressometer at regular increments of either load or compression.  The stress-strain diagram is continued to at least one deformation point beyond the maximum load, and in event of sudden failure, the direction of the curve beyond the maximum point is indicated.  A brief description of the failure is entered on the log sheet. (See Fig. 34.)