tests on green
structural timbers
XX.  Results of bending tests on air-seasoned
structural timbers
XXI.  Results of compression and shear tests on
air-seasoned structural timbers
XXII.  Working unit stresses for structural timber
expressed in pounds per square inch

PART I THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

INTRODUCTION

The mechanical properties of wood are its fitness and ability to resist applied or external forces.  By external force is meant any force outside of a given piece of material which tends to deform it in any manner.  It is largely such properties that determine the use of wood for structural and building purposes and innumerable other uses of which furniture, vehicles, implements, and tool handles are a few common examples.

Knowledge of these properties is obtained through experimentation either in the employment of the wood in practice or by means of special testing apparatus in the laboratory.  Owing to the wide range of variation in wood it is necessary that a great number of tests be made and that so far as possible all disturbing factors be eliminated.  For comparison of different kinds or sizes a standard method of testing is necessary and the values must be expressed in some defined units.  For these reasons laboratory experiments if properly conducted have many advantages over any other method.

One object of such investigation is to find unit values for strength and stiffness, etc.  These, because of the complex structure of wood, cannot have a constant value which will be exactly repeated in each test, even though no error be made.  The most that can be accomplished is to find average values, the amount of variation above and below, and the laws which govern the variation.  On account of the great variability in strength of different specimens of wood even from the same stick and appearing to be alike, it is important to eliminate as far as possible all extraneous factors liable to influence the results of the tests.

The mechanical properties of wood considered in this book are:  (1) stiffness and elasticity, (2) tensile strength, (3) compressive or crushing strength, (4) shearing strength, (5) transverse or bending strength, (6) toughness, (7) hardness, (8) cleavability, (9) resilience.  In connection with these, associated properties of importance are briefly treated.

In making use of figures indicating the strength or other mechanical properties of wood for the purpose of comparing the relative merits of different species, the fact should be borne in mind that there is a considerable range in variability of each individual material and that small differences, such as a few hundred pounds in values of 10,000 pounds, cannot be considered as a criterion of the quality of the timber.  In testing material of the same kind and grade, differences of 25 per cent between individual specimens may be expected in conifers and 50 per cent or even more in hardwoods.  The figures given in the tables should be taken as indications rather than fixed values, and as applicable to a large number collectively and not to individual pieces.