| water | 3,240 | 4,660 | 1,926,000 | | Locust, honey | 4,300 | 4,970 | 1,536,000 | | Maple, sugar | 3,040 | 3,670 | 1,463,000 | | Oak, post | 2,780 | 3,330 | 1,062,000 | | red | 2,290 | 3,210 | 1,295,000 | | swamp white | 3,470 | 4,360 | 1,489,000 | | white | 2,400 | 3,520 | 946,000 | | yellow | 2,870 | 3,700 | 1,465,000 | | Osage orange | 3,980 | 5,810 | 1,331,000 | | Sycamore | 2,320 | 2,790 | 1,073,000 | | Tupelo | 2,280 | 3,550 | 1,280,000 | | | | | | | Conifers | | | | | | | | | | Arborvitae | 1,420 | 1,990 | 754,000 | | Cedar, incense | 2,710 | 3,030 | 868,000 | | Cypress, bald | 3,560 | 3,960 | 1,738,000 | | Fir, alpine | 1,660 | 2,060 | 882,000 | | amabilis | 2,763 | 3,040 | 1,579,000 | | Douglas | 2,390 | 2,920 | 1,440,000 | | white | 2,610 | 2,800 | 1,332,000 | | Hemlock | 2,110 | 2,750 | 1,054,000 | | Pine, lodgepole | 2,290 | 2,530 | 1,219,000 | | longleaf | 3,420 | 4,280 | 1,890,000 | | red | 2,470 | 3,080 | 1,646,000 | | sugar | 2,340 | 2,600 | 1,029,000 | | western yellow | 2,100 | 2,420 | 1,271,000 | | white | 2,370 | 2,720 | 1,318,000 | | Redwood | 3,420 | 3,820 | 1,175,000 | | Spruce, Engelmann | 1,880 | 2,170 | 1,021,000 | | Tamarack | 3,010 | 3,480 | 1,596,000 | |-------------------------------------------------------| re>

The second case, where the fibres bend with more or less regular curves instead of buckling, is characteristic of any green or wet wood, and in dry woods where the fibres are thick-walled.  In woods in which the fibre walls show all gradations of thickness—­in other words, where the transition from the thin-walled cells of the early wood to the thick-walled cells of the late wood is gradual—­the two kinds of failure, namely, buckling and bending, grade into each other.  In woods with very decided contrast between early and late wood the two forms are usually distinct.  Except in the case of complete failure the cavity of the deformed cells remains open, and in hardwoods this is true not only of the wood fibres but also of the tube-like vessels.  In many cases longitudinal splits occur which isolate bundles of elements by greater or less intervals.  The splitting occurs by a tearing of the fibres or rays and not by the separation of the rays from the adjacent elements.

[Illustration:  FIG. 8.—­Failures of short columns of green spruce.]

[Illustration:  FIG. 9.—­Failures of short columns of dry chestnut.]