FOOTNOTES: 

[Footnote 81:  The first landing of the American troops was effected here on July 25, 1898.]

[Footnote 82:  These two episodes have given rise to several fantastic versions by native writers.]

[Footnote 83:  Ten by twenty “cuerdas.”  The cuerda is one-tenth less than an English acre.]

CHAPTER XL

AURIFEROUS STREAMS AND GOLD PRODUCED FROM

1509 TO 1536

If a systematic exploration were practised to-day, by competent mineralogists, of the entire chain of mountains which intersects the island from east to west, it is probable that lodes of gold-bearing quartz or conglomerate, worth working, would be discovered.  Even the alluvium deposits along the banks of the rivers and their tributaries, as well as the river beds, might, in many instances, be found to “pay.”

The early settlers compelled the Indians to work for them.  These poor creatures, armed with the simplest tools, dug the earth from the river banks.  Their wives and daughters, standing up to their knees in the river, washed it in wooden troughs.  When the output diminished another site was chosen, often before the first one was half worked out.  The Indians’ practical knowledge of the places where gold was likely to be found was the Spanish gold-seeker’s only guide, the Indians’ labor the only labor employed in the collection of it.

As for the mountains, they have never been properly explored.  The Indians who occupied them remained in a state of insurrection for years, and when the mountain districts could be safely visited at last, the auri sacra fames had subsided.  The governors did not interest themselves in the mineral resources of the island, and the people found it too difficult to provide for their daily wants to go prospecting.  So the surface gold in the alluvium deposits was all that was collected by the Spaniards, and what there still may be on the bed-rocks of the rivers or in the lodes in the mountains from which it has been washed, awaits the advent of modern gold-seekers.

The first samples of gold from Puerto Rico were taken to the Espanola by Ponce, who had obtained them from the river Manatuabon, to which the friendly cacique Guaybana conducted him on his first visit (1508).  This river disembogues into the sea on the south coast near Cape Malapascua; but it appears that the doughty captain also visited the north coast and found gold enough in the rivers Coa and Sibuco to justify him in making his headquarters at Caparra, which is in the neighborhood.  That gold was found there in considerable quantities is shown by the fact that in August of the same year of Ponce’s return to the island (he returned in February, 1509), 8,975 pesos corresponded to the king’s fifth of the first washings.  The first smelting was practised October 26, 1510.  The next occurred May 22, 1511, producing respectively 2,645 and 3,043 gold pesos as the king’s share.  Thus, in the three first years the crown revenues from this source amounted to 14,663 gold pesos, and the total output to 73,315 gold pesos, which, at three dollars of our money per peso, approximately represented a total of $219,945 obtained from the rivers in the neighborhood of Caparra alone.