[818] Above, p. 177.

[819] Above, pp. 187 sq.

[820] Above, pp. 279 sq.

[821] Above, p. 188.

[822] Above, p. 159.

[823] Above, p. 116.

[824] Above, p. 201.

[825] L. Decle, Three Years in Savage Africa (London, 1898), pp. 160 sq.

[826] Rev. J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country (London, 1857), p. 18.

[827] Above, pp. 140, 142.

[828] Above, pp. 119, 165, 166, 173, 203.

[829] Above, p. 140.

[830] Above, p. 121.

[831] Above, pp. 141, 170, 190, 203, 248, 250, 264.

[832] Above, p. 251.

[833] Above, pp. 119, 165, 166, 168, 173, 174.

[834] Above, pp. 118, 163 sq.

[835] Above, p. 201.

[836] Above, p. 203.

[837] Above, p. 250.

[838] Above, pp. 251, 262, 263, 264.

[839] Above, p. 112.

[840] Above, p. 141.

[841] Above, p. 214.

[842] Above, p. 204.

[843] Above, p. 194.

[844] Above, p. 185, 189; compare p. 174.

[845] Above, p. 166.

[846] Above, pp. 249, 250.

[847] Above, pp. 107, 109, 111, 119; compare pp. 116, 192, 193.

[848] Above, p. 115.

[849] Above, p. 180.

[850] Above, pp. 113, 142, 170, 233.  The torches of Demeter, which figure so largely in her myth and on her monuments, are perhaps to be explained by this custom.  See Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, i. 57.  W. Mannhardt thought (Baumkultus, p. 536) that the torches in the modern European customs are imitations of lightning.  At some of their ceremonies the Indians of North-West America imitate lightning by means of pitch-wood torches which are flashed through the roof of the house.  See J.G.  Swan, quoted by Franz Boas, “The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians,” Report of the United States National Museum for 1895 (Washington, 1897), p. 639.

[851] Above, p. 203.

[852] Amelie Bosquet, La Normandie Romanesque et Merveilleuse (Paris and Rouen, 1845), pp. 295 sq.; Jules Lecoeur, Esquisses du Bocage Normand (Conde-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887), ii. 126-129.  See The Scapegoat, pp. 316 sq.

[853] Br.  Jelinek, “Materialen zur Vorgeschichte mid Volkskunde Boehmens,” Mittheilungen der anthropolog.  Gesellschaft in Wien xxi. (1891) p. 13 note.

[854] Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), ii. 56 sq.

[855] Above, pp. 190 sq.

[856] Above, pp. 178, 205, 206.

[857] See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 311 sqq.

[858] Above, pp. 108, 109, 116, 118 sq., 121, 148, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 180, 183, 185, 188, 232 sq., 245, 252, 253, 280, 292, 293, 295, 297.  For more evidence of the use of fire to burn or expel witches on certain days of the year, see The Scapegoat pp. 158 sqq. Less often the fires are thought to burn or repel evil spirits and vampyres.  See above, pp. 146, 170, 172, 202, 252, 282, 285.  Sometimes the purpose of the fires is to drive away dragons (above, pp. 161, 195).