[809] See above, pp. 161, 162 sq. On the wheel as an emblem of the sun, see J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,*[4] ii. 585; A. Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des Goettertranks*[2] (Guetersloh, 1886), pp. 45 sqq.; H. Gaidoz, “Le dieu gaulois du soleil et le symbolisme de la roue,” Revue Archeologique, iii.  Serie, iv. (1884) pp. 14 sqq.; William Simpson, The Buddhist Praying Wheel (London, 1896), pp. 87 sqq. It is a popular Armenian idea that “the body of the sun has the shape of the wheel of a water-mill; it revolves and moves forward.  As drops of water sputter from the mill-wheel, so sunbeams shoot out from the spokes of the sun-wheel” (M.  Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube, Leipsic, 1899, p. 41).  In the old Mexican picture-books the usual representation of the sun is “a wheel, often brilliant with many colours, the rays of which are so many bloodstained tongues, by means of which the Sun receives his nourishment” (E.J.  Payne, History of the New World called America, Oxford, 1892, i. 521).

[810] Above, p. 169.

[811] Ernst Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebraeuche aus Schwaben (Stuttgart, 1852), p. 225; F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie (Munich, 1848-1855), ii. 240; Anton Birlinger, Volksthuemliches aus Schwaben (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1861-1862), ii. 57, 97; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 510.

[812] Compare J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,*[4] i. 521; J.W.  Wolf, Beitraege zur deutschen Mythologie (Gottingen und Leipsic, 1852-1857), ii. 389; Adalbert Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des Goettertranks*[2] (Guetersloh, 1886), pp. 41 sq., 47; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 521.  Lindenbrog in his Glossary on the Capitularies (quoted by J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,*[4] i. 502) expressly says:  “The rustics in many parts of Germany, particularly on the festival of St. John the Baptist, wrench a stake from a fence, wind a rope round it, and pull it to and fro till it catches fire.  This fire they carefully feed with straw and dry sticks and scatter the ashes over the vegetable gardens, foolishly and superstitiously imagining that in this way the caterpillar can be kept off.  They call such a fire nodfeur or nodfyr, that is to say need-fire.”

[813] Above, pp. 144 sq., 147 sq., 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179.

[814] J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,*[4] i. 509; J.W.  Wolf, Beitraege zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 117; A. Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers,*[2] pp. 47 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 521; W.E.  Kelly, Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folk-lore (London, 1863), p. 49.

[815] A. Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des Goettertranks*[2] (Guetersloh, 1886), p. 47.

[816] Above, p. 179.

[817] F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie (Munich, 1848-1855), ii. 240, Sec. 443.