[717] See below, vol. ii. pp. 168 sqq.

[718] Adolf Strausz, Die Bulgaren (Leipsic, 1898), pp. 194-199.

[719] Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina, redigirt von Moriz Hoernes, iii. (Vienna, 1895) pp. 574 sq.

[720] “Pro fidei divinae integritate servanda recolat lector quod, cum hoc anno in Laodonia pestis grassaretur in pecudes armenti, quam vocant usitate Lungessouth, quidam bestiales, habitu claustrales non animo, docebant idiotas patriae ignem confrictione de lignis educere et simulachrum Priapi statuere, et per haec bestiis succurrere” quoted by J.M.  Kemble, The Saxons in England (London, 1849), i. 358 sq.; A. Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des Goettertranks*[2] (Guetersloh, 1886), p. 43; Ulrich Jahn, Die deutschen Opfergebraeuche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht (Breslau, 1884) p. 31.

[721] W.G.M.  Jones Barker, The Three Days of Wensleydale (London, 1854), pp. 90 sq.; County Folk-lore, vol. ii., North Riding of Yorkshire, York and the Ainsty, collected and edited by Mrs. Gutch (London, 1901), p. 181.

[722] The Denham Tracts, a Collection of Folklore by Michael Aislabie Denham, edited by Dr. James Hardy (London, 1892-1895), ii. 50.

[723] Harry Speight, Tramps and Drives in the Craven Highlands (London, 1895), p. 162.  Compare, id., The Craven and North-West Yorkshire Highlands (London, 1892), pp. 206 sq.

[724] J.M.  Kemble, The Saxons in England (London, 1849), i. 361 note.

[725] E. Mackenzie, An Historical, Topographical and Descriptive View of the County of Northumberland, Second Edition (Newcastle, 1825), i. 218, quoted in County Folk-lore, vol. iv. Northumberland, collected by M.C.  Balfour (London, 1904), p. 45.  Compare J.T.  Brockett, Glossary of North Country Words, p. 147, quoted by Mrs. M.C.  Balfour, l.c.:  “Need-fire ... an ignition produced by the friction of two pieces of dried wood.  The vulgar opinion is, that an angel strikes a tree, and that the fire is thereby obtained.  Need-fire, I am told, is still employed in the case of cattle infected with the murrain.  They were formerly driven through the smoke of a fire made of straw, etc.”  The first edition of Brockett’s Glossary was published in 1825.

[726] W. Henderson, Notes on the Folklore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders (London, 1879), pp. 167 sq. Compare County Folklore, vol. iv. Northumberland, collected by M.C.  Balfour (London, 1904), p. 45.  Stamfordham is in Northumberland.  The vicar’s testimony seems to have referred to the first half of the nineteenth century.

[727] M. Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in J. Pinkerton’s General Collection of Voyages and Travels, iii. (London, 1809), p. 611.  The second edition of Martin’s book, which Pinkerton reprints, was published at London in 1716.  For John Ramsay’s account of the need-fire, see above, pp. 147 sq.