[556] E. Westermarck, “Midsummer Customs in Morocco,” Folk-lore, xvi. (1905) pp. 31 sq.; id., Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, etc., pp. 84-86.

[557] See K. Vollers, in Dr. James Hastings’s Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics iii. (Edinburgh, 1910) s.v. “Calendar (Muslim),” pp. 126 sq. However, L. Ideler held that even before the time of Mohammed the Arab year was lunar and vague, and that intercalation was only employed in order to fix the pilgrimage month in autumn, which, on account of the milder weather and the abundance of food, is the best time for pilgrims to go to Mecca.  See L. Ideler, Handbuch der mathematischen und techischen Chronologie (Berlin, 1825-1826), ii. 495 sqq.

[558] E. Doutte, Magie et Religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, pp. 496, 509, 532, 543, 569.  It is somewhat remarkable that the tenth, not the first, day of the first month should be reckoned New Year’s Day.

[559] E. Westermarck, “Midsummer Customs in Morocco,” Folk-lore, xvi. (1905) pp. 40-42.

[560] E. Doutte, Magie et Religion dans l’Afrique du Nord (Algiers, 1908), pp. 541 sq.

[561] E. Westermarck, “Midsummer Customs in Morocco,” Folk-lore, xvi. (1905) p. 42; id., Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, Certain Dates of the Solar Year, and the Weather in Morocco (Helsingfors, 1913), p. 101.

[562] E. Westermarck, “Midsummer Customs in Morocco,” Folk-lore, xvi. (1905), pp. 42 sq., 46 sq.; id., Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, etc., in Morocco, pp. 99 sqq.

[563] G. F. Abbott, Macedonian Folklore (Cambridge, 1903), pp. 60 sq.

[564] “Narrative of the Adventures of four Russian Sailors, who were cast in a storm upon the uncultivated island of East Spitzbergen,” translated from the German of P.L.  Le Roy, in John Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels (London, 1808-1814), i. 603.  This passage is quoted from the original by (Sir) Edward B. Tylor, Researches into the Early History of Mankind, Third Edition (London, 1878), pp. 259 sq.

[565] See The Scapegoat, pp. 166 sq.

[566] E.K.  Chambers, The Mediaeval Stage (Oxford, 1903), i. 110 sqq.

[567] In Eastern Europe to this day the great season for driving out the cattle to pasture for the first time in spring is St. George’s Day, the twenty-third of April, which is not far removed from May Day.  See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 324 sqq. As to the bisection of the Celtic year, see the old authority quoted by P.W.  Joyce, The Social History of Ancient Ireland (London, 1903), ii. 390:  “The whole year was [originally] divided into two parts—­Summer from 1st May to 1st November, and Winter from 1st November to 1st May.”  On this subject compare (Sir) John Rhys, Celtic Heathendom (London and Edinburgh, 1888), pp. 460, 514 sqq.; id., Celtic Folk-lore, Welsh and Manx (Oxford, 1901), i. 315 sqq.; J.A.  MacCulloch, in Dr. James Hastings’s Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, iii. (Edinburgh, 1910) p. 80.