[51] Kaempfer, “History of Japan,” in J. Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels, vii. 717; Caron, “Account of Japan,” ibid. vii. 613; B. Varenius, Descriptio regni Japoniae et Siam (Cambridge, 1673), p. 11:  "Radiis solis caput nunquam illustrabatur:  in apertum acrem non procedebat."

[52] A. de Herrera, General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America, trans, by Capt.  John Stevens (London, 1725-1726), v. 88.

[53] H. Ternaux-Compans, Essai sur l’ancien Cundinamarca (Paris, N.D.), p. 56; Theodor Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvoelker iv.  (Leipsic, 1864) p. 359.

[54] Alonzo de Zurita, “Rapport sur les differentes classes de chefs de la Nouvelle-Espagne,” p. 30, in H. Ternaux-Compans’s Voyages, Relations et Memoires originaux, pour servir a l’Histoire de la Decouvertede l’Amerique (Paris, 1840); Th.  Waitz, l.c.; A. Bastian, Die Culturlaender des alten Amerika (Berlin, 1878), ii. 204.

[55] Cieza de Leon, Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru (Hakluyt Society, London, 1883), p. 18.

[56] The Grihya Sutras, translated by H. Oldenberg, Part ii. (Oxford, 1892) pp. 165, 275 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxx.).  Umbrellas appear to have been sometimes used in ritual for the purpose of preventing the sunlight from falling on sacred persons or things.  See W. Caland, Altindisches Zauberritual (Amsterdam, 1900), p. 110 note 12.  At an Athenian festival called Scira the priestess of Athena, the priest of Poseidon, and the priest of the Sun walked from the Acropolis under the shade of a huge white umbrella which was borne over their heads by the Eteobutads.  See Harpocration and Suidas, s.v. [Greek:  Skiron]; Scholiast on Aristophanes, Eccles. 18.

[57] Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), ii. 248.

[58] J.L. van Hasselt, “Eenige aanteekeningen aangaande de bewoners der N. Westkust van Nieuw Guinea,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-Landen Volkenkunde, xxxi. (1886) p. 587.

[59] A. Bastian, Die Voelker des oestlichen Asien, v. (Jena, 1869) p. 366.

[60] W.M.  Gabb, “On the Indian Tribes and Languages of Costa Rica,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia, xiv. (Philadelphia, 1876), p. 510.

[61] L. Lloyd, Peasant Life in Sweden (London, 1870), p. 194.

[62] H.H.  Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 553.  See Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, p. 182.

[63] L. Heuzey, Le Mont Olympe et l’Acarnanie (Paris, 1860), pp. 458 sq.

CHAPTER II

THE SECLUSION OF GIRLS AT PUBERTY

Sec. 1. Seclusion of Girls at Puberty in Africa

[Girls at puberty forbidden to touch the ground and to see the sun; seclusion of girls at puberty among the A-Kamba; seclusion of girls at puberty among the Baganda.]