[337] Duarte Barbosa, Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (Hakluyt Society, London, 1866), p. 8; id., in Records of South-Eastern Africa, collected by G. McCall Theal, vol. i. (1898) p. 96; Damiao de Goes, “Chronicle of the Most Fortunate King Dom Emanuel,” in Records of South-Eastern Africa, collected by G. McCall Theal, vol. iii. (1899) pp. 130 sq. The name Benametapa (more correctly monomotapa) appears to have been the regular title of the paramount chief, which the Portuguese took to be the name of the country.  The people over whom he ruled seem to have been the Bantu tribe of the Makalanga in the neighbourhood of Sofala.  See G. McCall Theal, Records of South-Eastern Africa, vii. (1901) pp. 481-484.  It is to their custom of annually extinguishing and relighting the fire that Montaigne refers in his essay (i. 22, vol. i. p. 140 of Charpentier’s edition), though he mentions no names.

[338] Sir H.H.  Johnson, British Central Africa (London, 1897), pp. 426, 439.

[339] W.H.R.  Rivers, The Todas (London, 1906), pp. 290-292.

[340] Lieut.  R. Stewart, “Notes on Northern Cachar,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal xxiv. (1855) p. 612.

[341] A. Bastian, Die Voelker des oestlichen Asien, ii. (Leipsic, 1866) pp. 49 sq.; Shway Yoe, The Burman (London, 1882), ii. 325 sq.

[342] G. Schlegel, Uranographie Chinoise (The Hague and Leyden, 1875), pp. 139-143; C. Puini, “Il fuoco nella tradizione degli antichi Cinesi,” Giornale della Societa Asiatica Italiana, i. (1887) pp. 20-23; J.J.M. de Groot, Les Fetes annuellement celebrees a Emoui (Amoy) (Paris, 1886), i. 208 sqq. The notion that fire can be worn out with age meets us also in Brahman ritual.  See the Satapatha Brahmana, translated by Julius Eggeling, Part i. (Oxford, 1882) p. 230 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xii.).

[343] W.G.  Aston, Shinto, The Way of the Gods (London, 1905), pp. 258 sq., compare p. 193.  The wands in question are sticks whittled near the top into a mass of adherent shavings; they go by the name of kedzurikake ("part-shaved"), and resemble the sacred inao of the Aino.  See W.G.  Aston, op. cit. p. 191; and as to the inao, see Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, ii. 185, with note 2.

[344] Ovid, Fasti, iii. 82; Homer, Iliad, i. 590, sqq.

[345] Philostiatus, Heroica, xx. 24.

[346] Ovid, Fasti, iii. 143 sq.; Macrobius, Saturn, i. 12. 6.