p. 31, l. 16.  In 1628 the Duke of Pomerania had been obliged to put his coast line under the care of the imperial troops.  In attacking it therefore in 1639 Gustavus Adolphus was aiming a blow at the Emperor and obtaining a good basis for further conquests.

p. 31, l. 25. Gazette is the old name for newspaper.

p. 33, l. 12.  Bavaria was the chief Catholic State not under the direct government of the Emperor.  Maximilian, its elector, was appointed head of the Catholic League which was formed in 1609 in opposition to the Protestant Union which had been formed in 1608.

p. 33, l. 20.  By the end of the sixteenth century the Turks had advanced far into Europe, had detached half of Hungary from the Emperor’s dominions and made him pay tribute for the other half.  During the seventeenth century, however, they were slowly driven back.

p. 33, l. 37.  In 1628 the two Dukes of Mecklenburg had been “put to the ban” by the Emperor for having given help to Christian of Denmark who had taken up the cause of the Protestants.

p. 34, l. 10.  Gustavus Adolphus had been at war with Poland from 1617 to 1629.

p. 34, l. 30.  This was not a treaty of active alliance.  Both John George of Saxony and George William of Brandenburg were Protestant princes but they were at first anxious to maintain neutrality between Sweden and the Emperor.  The impolitic action of Ferdinand drove them to join Gustavus Adolphus in 1631.

p. 34, l. 33.  The German Diet was the meeting of the German princes to consult on imperial matters.  Ratisbon is one of the chief towns of Bavaria.

p. 35, l. 17.  The story of Magdeburg is told on p. 42.

p. 36, l. 1.  Count Tilly was a Bavarian General of genius who had been put at the head of the forces of the Catholic League in 1609.

p. 36, l. 31.  The Protestant Union formed in 1608 had been forced to dissolve itself in 1621.

p. 37, l. 5.  Wallenstein is one of the greatest generals and the most interesting figure in seventeenth century history.  A Bohemian by birth he fought for the Emperor with an army raised by himself.

p. 37, l. 16.  The Conclusions of Leipsic are described on p. 39.

p. 38, l. 29.  The King of Hungary was Ferdinand (afterwards Ferdinand III) son of Ferdinand II.  The “King of the Romans” was a title bestowed on the person who was destined to become Emperor. (The Empire was elective but tended to become hereditary.)

p. 39, l. 39.  The Peace of Augsburg, 1555, had been intended to settle the differences between the Lutherans and Catholics but it had left many problems unsolved.

p. 42, l. 21.  The Protestant bishopric of Magdeburg had been forcibly restored to the Catholics in 1629.  In 1631 the citizens of their own accord, relying on Swedish help, declared against the Emperor.

p. 47, l. 40.  Torgau, a strongly fortified town in Saxony.