An idea of the furniture of an apartment in France during the fourteenth century is conveyed by the above illustration, and it is very useful, because, although we have on record many descriptions of the appearance of the furniture of state apartments, we have very few authenticated accounts of the way in which such domestic chambers as the one occupied by “a knight and his lady” were arranged.  The prie dieu chair was generally at the bedside, and had a seat which lifted up, the lower part forming a box-like receptacle for devotional books then so regularly used by a lady of the time.

[Illustration:  Bedstead and Chair in Carved Oak. From Miniatures in the Royal Library, Brussels. Period:  XIV.  Century.]

Towards the end of the fourteenth century there was in high quarters a taste for bright and rich colouring; we have the testimony of an old writer who describes the interior of the Hotel de Boheme, which after having been the residence of several great personages was given by Charles VI. of France in 1388 to his brother the Duke of Orleans.  “In this palace was a room used by the duke, hung with cloth of gold, bordered with vermilion velvet embroidered with roses; the duchess had a room hung with vermilion satin embroidered with crossbows, which were on her coat of arms; that of the Duke of Burgundy was hung with cloth of gold embroidered with windmills.  There were besides eight carpets of glossy texture with gold flowers, one representing ‘the seven virtues and seven vices,’ another the history of Charlemagne, another that of Saint Louis.  There were also cushions of cloth of gold, twenty-four pieces of vermilion leather of Aragon, and four carpets of Aragon leather, ’to be placed on the floor of rooms in summer.’  The favourite arm-chair of the Princess is thus described in an inventory—­’a chamber chair with four supports, painted in fine vermilion, the seat and arms of which are covered in vermilion morocco, or cordovan, worked and stamped with designs representing the sun, birds, and other devices bordered with fringes of silk and studded with nails.’”

The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries had been remarkable for a general development of commerce:  merchants of Venice, Geneva, Florence, Milan, Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp, and many other famous cities had traded extensively with the East and had grown opulent, and their homes naturally showed signs of wealth and comfort that in former times had been impossible to any but princes and rich nobles.  Laws had been made in answer to the complaints of the aristocracy to place some curb on the growing ambition of the “bourgeoisie”; thus we find an old edict in the reign of Philippe the Fair (1285-1314)—­“No bourgeois shall have a chariot, nor wear gold, precious stones, nor crowns of gold and silver.  Bourgeois not being prelates or dignitaries of state shall not have tapers of wax.  A bourgeois possessing 2,000 pounds (tournois) or more, may order for himself a dress of 12[5] sous 6 deniers, and for his wife one worth 16 sous at the most,” etc., etc., etc.