Of the deistical writers of the early eighteenth century, Anthony Collins (1676-1729) is, perhaps, the most celebrated.  He was born near Hounslow and educated at Eton and Cambridge.  His writings were mainly attacks on Christianity, and, in addition to the “Discourse on Freethinking,” he published:  “Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion;” “Scheme of Literal Prophecy Considered;” “Priestcraft in Perfection;” “Historical and Critical Essay on the Thirty-Nine Articles;” and “A Philosophical Enquiry concerning Human Liberty.”  Most of these writings engaged him in many and violent controversies with some of the ablest divines of his time.  Among these, beside Swift, may be named, Whiston, Hare, Hoadly, Bentley, and Samuel Clarke.  Steele, also, had his fling at Collins, and thought that “if ever man deserved to be denied the common benefits of air and water, it is the author of ‘A Discourse upon Freethinking’” ("Guardian,” No. 3).  But then Steele’s opinion on such a matter was of no great moment.  What was of more, was the fact that the school to which Collins belonged found a decided opponent in Locke, from the writings of whom the members of the school professed to draw their strongest arguments.  For a philosophical appreciation of Toland, Collins, and the rest, see Mr. Leslie Stephen’s “English Thought in the Eighteenth Century” (chaps. iii. and iv. of vol. i. 1881).

Swift took an entirely different attitude towards Collins from that assumed by the professional controversialists.  He refused to take him seriously, and no doubt he felt that ridicule would as effectually serve his purpose as another method.  Moreover, he sought to use the opportunity for scoring a point against the Whigs, by insisting on the political side of the matter, and, in the person of an assumed defender of Collins, betrayed undoubted Whig leanings.  Swift, at this time, was deep in work, pamphleteering for Harley and St. John.  He had already written “The Conduct of the Allies,” and “Some Remarks on the Barrier Treaty,” and was soon to write “The Public Spirit of the Whigs.”  The assumed and sarcastic defence of Collins must be taken as a Swiftian dodge to bring odium and suspicion on the opponents of the Tory ministry, by showing that the propounders of the hateful and ridiculous atheism were themselves Whigs.

Sir Henry Craik, in a note to his reprint of this tract ("Selections from Swift,” Oxford, 1893, vol. ii. p. 42), agrees with Scott as to the motive which urged Swift in writing it.  “In this later tract,” he says, “Swift makes no attempt to cloak his enmity; and he boldly assumes the character of a Whig as the propounder of those atheistical absurdities, which he wished, as a useful political move, but without any scrupulous regard to fairness, to represent as part and parcel of the tenets of that party.”  “What gave colour,” says Scott, “though only a colour, to his charge was, that Toland, Tindal, Collins, and