At his interview with his sister, he informed her in the first words he spoke that he meant to introduce radical reforms on his property, and that for the future all his affairs would be conducted on a new system.  Glafira made no reply, but she clenched her teeth and thought, “What is to become of me then?” However, when she had gone with her brother and her nephew to the estate, her mind was soon set at ease.  It is true that a few changes were made in the house, and the hangers-on and parasites were put to immediate flight.  Among their number suffered two old women, the one blind, the other paralyzed, and also a worn-out major of the Ochakof[A] days, who, on account of his great voracity, was fed upon nothing but black bread and lentiles.  An order was given also not to receive any of the former visitors; they were replaced by a distant neighbor, a certain blonde and scrofulous baron, an exceedingly well brought-up and remarkably dull man.  New furniture was sent from Moscow; spittoons, bells, and washhand basins were introduced; the breakfast was served in a novel fashion; foreign wines replaced the old national spirits and liquors; new liveries were given to the servants, and to the family coat of arms was added the motto, “In recto virtus.”

[Footnote A:  Ochakof is a town which was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1788.]

In reality, however, the power of Glafira did not diminish; all receipts and expenditures were settled, as before, by her.  A Valet, who had been brought from abroad, a native of Alsace, tried to compete with her, and lost his place, in spite of the protection which his master generally afforded him.  In all that related to house-keeping, and also to the administration of the estate (for with these things too Glafira interfered)—­in spite of the intention often expressed by Ivan Petrovich “to breathe new life into the chaos,”—­all remained on the old footing.  Only the obrok[A] remained on the old footing, and the barshina[B] became heavier, and the peasants were forbidden to go straight to Ivan Petrovich.  The patriot already despised his fellow-citizens heartily.  Ivan Petrovich’s system was applied in its full development only to Fedia.  The boy’s education really underwent “a radical reform.”  His father undertook the sole direction of it himself.

[Footnote A:  What the peasant paid his lord in money.]

[Footnote B:  What the peasant paid his lord in labor.]

XI.

Until the return of Ivan Petrovich from abroad, Fedia remained, as we have already said, in the hands of Glafira Petrovna.  He was not yet eight years old when his mother died.  It was not every day that he had been allowed to see her, but he had become passionately attached to her.  His recollections of her, especially of her pale and gentle face, her mournful eyes, and her timid caresses, were indelibly impressed upon his heart.  It was but vaguely