“So in the wood pastures (saltus) it behooves one to have young men and usually armed men, while on the farm boys or even girls may tend the flock.  Those who use the distant feeding grounds should require their shepherds to feed their flocks together all day, but at night to remain each one with his own flock.  They should all be under the supervision of one flock master, who should be older and more experienced than the others, because they will obey more cheerfully one who surpasses them in age and knowledge; and yet the flock master should be of such years that he may not be prevented by age from hard work:  for neither old men nor boys can endure the steeps of the drift ways, nor the ardours and roughness of the mountains, which must be suffered by those who follow flocks, especially cattle and goats, to whom the rocks and the forests are pleasant grazing places.

“So far as concerns the conformation of the men chosen for these occupations, they should be strong and swift and active, with ready limbs not only able to follow the cattle but to defend them from the incursions of wild beasts and of brigands:  men who can load the packs on the sumpter beasts:  can run and throw a javelin.[148]

“Every nation is not fit for tending cattle, especially the Basculi and the Turduli [of Spain].  The Gauls are the best of all, particularly for draught cattle.

“In the matter of the purchase of shepherds, there are six usual methods of obtaining lawful title to a slave:  (i) by inheritance, (2) by due form of mancipation, which is delivery of possession by one who has the legal right, (3) by the legal process called surrender in court (cessio in jure) from one who has that right, the transfer taking place where it should, (4) by prescriptive use (usucapion), (5) by purchase of a prisoner of war “under the crown” (6) by auction at the distribution of some one’s property by order of court under the process known as bonorum emptio.[149]

“The peculium or personal property of the slave usually passes with him to a new master unless it is specially excepted in the terms of sale:  there is also the usual guaranty as to the health of the slave and that he has committed no theft or tort for which his master is legally responsible, and, unless the purchase is by mancipation, the bargain is bound by an obligation of double indemnity, or in the amount of the purchase price alone, if that is the agreement.

“The shepherds should take their meals separately during the day, each one with his flock, but in the evening they should meet at a common supper under the supervision of the flock master.[150] It should be the duty of the flock master to see that every thing is provided which may be required by the flock or by the shepherds, chiefly the victuals for the men and medicine for the flock:  for which the master should provide beasts of burden, either horses or some thing else which can carry a load on its back.