Local Government.

In the chapter on Government we learned that the people of the United States owe allegiance to two systems of government; the one a central national government, the other the state governments.  We have now to mention a third system of governments, namely, local governments; for citizens of the United States live, in reality, under three distinct governments:  first and highest, the National United States Government; second, State governments, and third, local governments.  It is concerning local governments in the United States that we shall learn in this chapter.

Just as the whole United States is divided into forty-eight sections, each section being a State or Territory, so each State is in turn, for convenience in the administration of its government, divided into small local areas, each division managing those affairs which appertain to its own area.  Many of these divisions were not formed by dividing up the States.  The divisions came first, or sprang up naturally within the States as soon as the colonies were settled.  Social governments were the first governments formed in the settlement of our Western territory.  Dr. Edward Bemis has described the beginnings of government in a new State in the following interesting manner: 

“The genesis of local government in Western hamlets is very simple.  First comes the settler who, ax in hand, clears the ground for his humble dwelling, and plants whatever seed he has brought with him.  Then comes another settler and another until perhaps a dozen families are established near.  Two wants are now felt:  roads, or at least paths from house to house, from hamlet to market town, and a school-house for the multiplying children.  There is no strong central authority to provide these things, but the settlers meet and vote to tax themselves.  The services of a supervisor, collector, clerk, constable and justice of the peace are required."[1] This is the beginning of the township and county.  As population increases, other wants arise which only a stronger government can supply.  A territorial, and then a State government are consequently formed.

[Footnote 1:  Local Government in Michigan and the Northwest. J.H.U.  Studies in History and Political Science. Vol.  I, No. 5, p. 11.]

The principal duties of local governments are those of education, police, sanitation, charity, the construction and maintenance of public roads, the administration of justice, the assessment and collection of taxes, etc.

There are three types of local government in the United States:  First, the New England type, in which the unit of government is the town or township; second, the Southern type, in which the unit is the county; and third, the Western system, in which the New England and Southern systems are combined.

_#1st.  Local Government New England.#_—­Here the unit of government is the township, or town, as it is usually called.  There are few towns exceeding five square miles in area, and the population is generally less than 3,000.  The New England township is therefore not a thickly settled area.  When a town becomes closely settled it is incorporated as a city.