and Halpine himself, after the war, edited the Citizen of New York, famous for its advocacy of reforms in civic administration.  Perhaps the two most renowned men in Irish-American journalism were John Boyle O’Reilly of the Boston Pilot and Patrick Ford of the Irish World.  O’Reilly was a troop-sergeant in the 10th Hussars (Prince of Wales’s Own), and during the Fenian troubles of 1866 had eighty of his men ready armed and mounted to take out of Island Bridge Barracks, Dublin, at a given signal, to aid the projected insurrection.  Detected, he was brought to trial, summarily convicted, and sentenced to be shot.  This sentence was commuted to twenty-five years’ penal servitude; but O’Reilly survived it all to become a brilliant man of letters and make the Boston Pilot one of the most influential Irish and Catholic newspapers in the United States.  Ford, who had served his apprenticeship as a compositor in the office of William Lloyd Garrison at Boston, founded the Irish World in 1870.  This newspaper gave powerful aid to the Land League.  A special issue of 1,650,000 copies of the Irish World was printed on January 11, 1879, for circulation in Ireland; and money to the amount of $600,000 altogether was sent by Ford to the headquarters of the agitation in Dublin.  A journalist of a totally different kind was Edwin Lawrence Godkin.  Born in County Wicklow, the son of a Presbyterian clergyman, Godkin in 1865 established the Nation in New York as an organ of independent thought; and for thirty-five years he filled a unique position, standing aside from all parties, sects, and bodies, and yet permeating them all with his sane and restraining philosophy.

In Canada, Thomas D’Arcy Magee won fame as a journalist on the New Era before he became even more distinguished as a parliamentarian.  When the history of Australian journalism is written it will contain two outstanding Irish names:  Daniel Henry Deniehy, who died in 1865, was called by Bulwer Lytton “the Australian Macaulay” on account of his brilliant writings as critic and reviewer in the press of Victoria.  Gerald Henry Supple, another Dublin man, is also remembered for his contributions to the Age and the Argus of Melbourne.  In India one of the first—­if not the first—­English newspapers was founded by a Limerick man, named Charles Johnstone, who had previously attained fame as the author of Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, and who died at Calcutta about 1800.

Stirring memories of battle and adventure leap to the mind at the names of those renowned war correspondents, William Howard Russell, Edmond O’Donovan, and James J. O’Kelly.  Russell, a Dublin man, was the first newspaper representative to accompany an army into the field.  He saw all the mighty engagements of the Crimea—­Alma, Balaclava, Inkerman, Sebastopol—­not from a distance of 60 or 80 miles, which is the nearest that correspondents