towns were built, trading communications with Britain and the continent were set up, and the Northman, though not in actual possession of the interior of the island, was apparently in substantial control of its destinies.  Brian Borumha, or Boru, brother of the king of Munster, of the Dalcassian race of O’Brien, refused to submit, roused his brother, fought the Danes of Limerick at Sulchoid (A.D. 968), and captured Limerick.  Brian later succeeded his brother, became sovereign of all Ireland (A.D. 1001), and, on Good Friday, A.D. 1014, joined battle with the Danes upon the famous field of Clontarf.  Here the power of the Northmen was forever broken, Brian falling at the moment of victory, while in his tent, by the hand of a fugitive Dane.

With the death of Brian the united government dissolved.  The provincial kings, or princes, resumed separate authority and a struggle arose among them, with varying success, for the national sovereignty.  The central government never had been strong, as the nation was organized on a tribal or family basis.  In this weakened condition Dermot MacMurrough, king of Leinster, abducted the wife of O’Rourke, prince of Breffni, while the latter was on a pilgrimage.  MacMurrough was compelled to fly to England.  He sought the protection of the Angevin English king, Henry Plantagenet.  As a result of this appeal, a small expedition, headed by Strongbow (A.D. 1169), was sent to Ireland, and Waterford, Wexford, and Dublin were taken.  Then came Henry himself, in 1171, with a fleet of 240 ships, 400 knights, and 4,000 men, landing at Waterford.  This expedition was the beginning of the English attempted conquest of Ireland—­a proceeding that, through all the ruin and bloodshed of 800 years, is not yet accomplished.  Henry’s first act was to introduce the feudal system into that southern half of the island which he controlled; he seized great tracts of land, which he in turn granted to his followers under feudal customs; he introduced the offices of the English feudal system and the English laws, and placed his followers in all the positions of power, holding their lands and authority under the feudal conditions of rendering him homage and military service.

This was the root of the alien “landlordism” and foreign political control of future times which became the chief curses of Ireland, the prolific source of innumerable woes.  The succeeding years till the reign of Henry VIII. witnessed the extension, and at times the decline, of the Anglo-Norman rule.  When Henry VII. became king of England the Anglo-Norman colony or “Pale” had shrunk to two counties and a half around Dublin, defended by a ditch.  Many of the original Norman knights had become “more Irish than the Irish themselves.”  Such was the great family of the Geraldines or Fitzgerald—­the most powerful, with the O’Neills of the North, in Ireland.  A united attack at this time would most certainly have driven out the invader; for it must be remembered that Dublin, the “Pale”—­“the Castle government” of later times—­was the citadel of the English foreign power, and before a united nation would most certainly have succumbed.