Societies found plenty of occasion for their exertions in protecting free blacks from seizure and illegal sale and in looking after the execution and amendment of the laws.  The process of gradual emancipation was also unsatisfactory on account of the length of time it would require, and in Pennsylvania and Connecticut attempts were made to obtain acts for immediate emancipation.

5. Beginning of Racial Consciousness

Of supreme importance in this momentous period, more important perhaps in its ultimate effect than even the work of the Abolition Societies, was what the Negro was doing for himself.  In the era of the Revolution began that racial consciousness on which almost all later effort for social betterment has been based.

By 1700 the only cooeperative effort on the part of the Negro was such as that in the isolated society to which Cotton Mather gave rules, or in a spasmodic insurrection, or a rather crude development of native African worship.  As yet there was no genuine basis of racial self-respect.  In one way or another, however, in the eighteenth century the idea of association developed, and especially in Boston about the time of the Revolution Negroes began definitely to work together; thus they assisted individuals in test cases in the courts, and when James Swan in his Dissuasion from the Slave Trade made such a statement as that “no country can be called free where there is one slave,” it was “at the earnest desire of the Negroes in Boston” that the revised edition of the pamphlet was published.

From the very beginning the Christian Church was the race’s foremost form of social organization.  It was but natural that the first distinctively Negro churches should belong to the democratic Baptist denomination.  There has been much discussion as to which was the very first Negro Baptist church, and good claims have been put forth by the Harrison Street Baptist Church of Petersburg, Va., and for a church in Williamsburg, Va., organization in each case going back to 1776.  A student of the subject, however, has shown that there was a Negro Baptist church at Silver Bluff, “on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River, in Aiken County, just twelve miles from Augusta, Ga.,” founded not earlier than 1773, not later than 1775.[1] In any case special interest attaches to the First Bryan Baptist Church, of Savannah, founded in January, 1788.  The origin of this body goes back to George Liele, a Negro born in Virginia, who might justly lay claim to being America’s first foreign missionary.  Converted by a Georgia Baptist minister, he was licensed as a probationer and was known to preach soon afterwards at a white quarterly meeting.[2] In 1783 he preached in the vicinity of Savannah, and one of those who came to hear him was Andrew Bryan, a slave of Jonathan Bryan.  Liele then went to Jamaica and in 1784 began to preach in Kingston, where with four brethren from America he formed a church.  At first he