[Footnote 1:  See Williams:  History of the Negro Race in America, I, 228-236.]

The next decade was largely one of the settlement of new territory, and by its close the pendulum seemed to have swung decidedly backward.  In 1799, however, after much effort and debating, New York at last declared for gradual abolition, and New Jersey did likewise in 1804.  In general, gradual emancipation was the result of the work of people who were humane but also conservative and who questioned the wisdom of thrusting upon the social organism a large number of Negroes suddenly emancipated.  Sometimes, however, a gradual emancipation act was later followed by one for immediate manumission, as in New York in 1817.  At first those who favored gradual emancipation were numerous in the South as well as in the North, but in general after Gabriel’s insurrection in 1800, though some individuals were still outstanding, the South was quiescent.  The character of the acts that were really put in force can hardly be better stated than has already been done by the specialist in the subject.[1] We read: 

[Footnote 1:  Locke, 124-126.]

Gradual emancipation is defined as the extinction of slavery by depriving it of its hereditary quality.  In distinction from the clauses in the constitutions of Vermont, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, which directly or indirectly affected the condition of slavery as already existing, the gradual emancipation acts left this condition unchanged and affected only the children born after the passage of the act or after a fixed date.  Most of these acts followed that of Pennsylvania in providing that the children of a slave mother should remain with her owner as servants until they reached a certain age, of from twenty-one to twenty-eight years, as stated in the various enactments.  In Pennsylvania, however, they were to be regarded as free.  In Connecticut, on the other hand, they were to be “held in servitude” until twenty-five years of age and after that to be free.  The most liberal policy was that of Rhode Island, where the children were pronounced free but were to be supported by the town and educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic, morality and religion.  The latter clauses, however, were repealed the following year, leaving the children to be supported by the owner of the mother until twenty-one years of age, and only if he abandoned his claims to the mother to become a charge to the town.  In New York and New Jersey they were to remain as servants until a certain age, but were regarded as free, and liberal opportunities were given the master for the abandonment of his claims, the children in such cases to be supported at the common charge....  The manumission and emancipation acts were naturally followed, as in the case of the constitutional provision in Vermont, by the attempts of some of the slave-owners to dispose of their property outside the State.  Amendments to the laws were found necessary, and the Abolition