after two had been killed.  The men, none of whom now had arms, were marched to a place near the railroad station, where the sergeant of the company was ordered to call the roll.  Allan T. Attaway, whose name was first, was called out and shot in cold blood.  Twelve men fired upon him and he was killed instantly.  The men whose names were second, third, and fourth on the list were called out and treated likewise.  The fifth man made a dash for liberty and escaped with a slight wound in the leg.  All the others were then required to hold up their right hands and swear that they would never bear arms against the white people or give in court any testimony whatsoever regarding the occurrence.  They were then marched off two by two and dispersed, but stray shots were fired after them as they went away.  In another portion of the town the chief of police, James Cook, was taken from his home and brutally murdered.  A marshal of the town was shot through the body and mortally wounded.  One of the men killed was found with his tongue cut out.  The members of Butler’s party finally entered the homes of most of the prominent Negroes in the town, smashed the furniture, tore books to pieces, and cut pictures from their frames, all amid the most heartrending distress on the part of the women and children.  That night the town was desolate, for all who could do so fled to Aiken or Columbia.

Upon all of which our only comment is that while such a process might seem for a time to give the white man power, it makes no progress whatever toward the ultimate solution of the problem.

4. Counter-Reaction:  The Negro Exodus

The Negro Exodus of 1879 was partially considered in connection with our study of Liberia; but a few facts are in place here.

After the withdrawal of Federal troops conditions in the South were changed so much that, especially in South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, the state of affairs was no longer tolerable.  Between 1866 and 1879 more than three thousand Negroes were summarily killed.[1] The race began to feel that a new slavery in the horrible form of peonage was approaching, and that the disposition of the men in power was to reduce the laborer to the minimum of advantages as a free man and to none at all as a citizen.  The fear, which soon developed into a panic, rose especially in consequence of the work of political mobs in 1874 and 1875, and it soon developed organization.  About this the outstanding fact was that the political leaders of the last few years were regularly distrusted and ignored, the movement being secret in its origin and committed either to the plantation laborers themselves or their direct representatives.  In North Carolina circulars about Nebraska were distributed.  In Tennessee Benjamin ("Pap”) Singleton began about 1869 to induce Negroes to go to Kansas, and he really founded two colonies with a total of 7432 Negroes from his state, paying of his own money over $600