were chiefly in charge of the slaves, one man, John
R. Hewell, being directly in charge of those belonging
to an owner named McCargo. About 9.30 on the
night of Sunday, November 7, while out at sea, nineteen
of the slaves rose, cowed the others, wounded the
captain, and generally took command of the vessel.
Madison Washington began the uprising by an attack
on Gifford, the first mate, and Ben Blacksmith, one
of the most aggressive of his assistants, killed Hewell.
The insurgents seized the arms of the vessel, permitted
no conversation between members of the crew except
in their hearing, demanded and obtained the manifests
of slaves, and threatened that if they were not taken
to Abaco or some other British port they would throw
the officers and crew overboard. The Creole
reached Nassau, New Providence, on Tuesday, November
9, and the arrival of the vessel at once occasioned
intense excitement. Gifford went ashore and reported
the matter, and the American consul, John F. Bacon,
contended to the English authorities that the slaves
on board the brig were as much a part of the cargo
as the tobacco and entitled to the same protection
from loss to the owners. The governor, Sir Francis
Cockburn, however, was uncertain whether to interfere
in the business at all. He liberated those slaves
who were not concerned in the uprising, spoke of all
of the slaves as “passengers,” and guaranteed
to the nineteen who were shown by an investigation
to have been connected with the uprising all the rights
of prisoners called before an English court.
He told them further that the British Government would
be communicated with before their case was finally
passed upon, that if they wished copies of the informations
these would be furnished them, and that they were
privileged to have witnesses examined in refutation
of the charges against them. From time to time
Negroes who were natives of the island crowded about
the brig in small boats and intimidated the American
crew, but when on the morning of November 12 the Attorney
General questioned them as to their intentions they
replied with transparent good humor that they intended
no violence and had assembled only for the purpose
of conveying to shore such of the persons on the Creole
as might be permitted to leave and might need their
assistance. The Attorney General required, however,
that they throw overboard a dozen stout cudgels that
they had. Here the whole case really rested.
Daniel Webster as Secretary of State aroused the anti-slavery
element by making a strong demand for the return of
the slaves, basing his argument on the sacredness of
vessels flying the American flag; but the English authorities
at Nassau never returned any of them. On March
21, 1842, Joshua R. Giddings, untiring defender of
the rights of the Negro, offered in the House of Representatives
resolutions to the effect that slavery could exist
only by positive law of the different states; that
the states had delegated no control over slavery to
the Federal Government, which alone had jurisdiction
on the high seas, and that, therefore, slaves on the
high seas became free and the coastwise trade was
unconstitutional. The House, strongly pro-Southern,
replied with a vote of censure and Giddings resigned,
but he was immediately reelected by his Ohio constituency.