[Footnote A:  Dr. Thomas Brown.]

Right position of woman in the State is another index.  Poverty and industry with a healthy mind read very easily the laws of humanity, and love them:  place the sexes in right relations of mutual respect, and a severe morality gives that essential charm to woman which educates all that is delicate, poetic, and self-sacrificing, breeds courtesy and learning, conversation and wit, in her rough mate; so that I have thought it a sufficient definition of civilization to say, it is the influence of good women.

Another measure of culture is the diffusion of knowledge, overrunning all the old barriers of caste, and, by the cheap press, bringing the university to every poor man’s door in the newsboy’s basket.  Scraps of science, of thought, of poetry are in the coarsest sheet, so that in every house we hesitate to tear a newspaper until we have looked it through.

The ship, in its latest complete equipment, is an abridgment and compend of a nation’s arts:  the ship steered by compass and chart, longitude reckoned by lunar observation, and, when the heavens are hid, by chronometer; driven by steam; and in wildest sea-mountains, at vast distances from home,

  “The pulses of her iron heart
  Go beating through the storm.”

No use can lessen the wonder of this control, by so weak a creature, of forces so prodigious.  I remember I watched, in crossing the sea, the beautiful skill whereby the engine in its constant working was made to produce two hundred gallons of fresh water out of salt water, every hour,—­thereby supplying all the ship’s want.

The skill that pervades complex details; the man that maintains himself; the chimney taught to burn its own smoke; the farm made to produce all that is consumed on it; the very prison compelled to maintain itself and yield a revenue, and, better than that, made a reform school, and a manufactory of honest men out of rogues, as the steamer made fresh water out of salt:  all these are examples of that tendency to combine antagonisms, and utilize evil, which is the index of high civilization.

Civilization is the result of highly complex organization.  In the snake, all the organs are sheathed:  no hands, no feet, no fins, no wings.  In bird and beast, the organs are released, and begin to play.  In man, they are all unbound, and full of joyful action.  With this unswaddling, he receives the absolute illumination we call Reason, and thereby true liberty.

Climate has much to do with this melioration.  The highest civility has never loved the hot zones.  Wherever snow falls, there is usually civil freedom.  Where the banana grows, the animal system is indolent and pampered at the cost of higher qualities:  the man is grasping, sensual, and cruel.  But this scale is by no means invariable.  For high degrees of moral sentiment control the unfavorable influences of climate; and some of our grandest examples of men and of races come from the equatorial regions,—­as the genius of Egypt, of India, and of Arabia.