1.  A noun used in apposition:  [Barrie’s story of his mother, “Margaret Ogilvy,” is very beautiful].

2.  A noun used as an adjective:  [A campaign song].

3.  A prepositional phrase:  [His little, nameless, unremember’d acts of kindness and of love].

4.  Participles or participial phrases:  [We saw a brook running between the alders.  Soldiers hired to serve a foreign country are called mercenaries].

5.  Relative clauses:  [This is the house that Jack built].

6.  An adverb (sometimes called the locative adjective):  [The book here is the one I want].

VERBS

+51.  Uses of Verbs.+—­A verb is the word or word-group that makes an assertion or statement, and it is therefore the most important part of the whole sentence.  It has been already shown that such a verb as speaks serves the double purpose of suggesting an activity and showing relation.  The most purely relational verb is the verb to be, which is called the copula or linking verb, for the very reason that it joins predicate words to the subject:  [The lake is beautiful]. To be, however, is not always a pure copula.  In such a sentence as, “He that cometh to God must believe that He is,” the word is means exists.Verbs that are like the copula, such as, appear, become, seem, etc., are called copulative verbs.  Verbs that not only are relational but have descriptive power, such as sings, plays, runs, etc., are called attributive verbs.  They attribute some quality or characteristic to the subject.

+52.  Classes of Verbs.+—­According to their uses in a sentence verbs are divided into two classes:  transitive and intransitive.

A transitive verb is one that takes a following substantive, expressed or implied, called the object, to designate the receiver or the product of the action:  [They seized the city.  They built a city].  The transitive verb may sometimes be used absolutely:[The horse eats].  Here the object is implied.

An intransitive verb is one that does not take an object to complete its meaning; or, in other words, an intransitive verb is one that denotes an action, state, or feeling that involves the subject only:  [He ran away.  They were standing at the water’s edge].

A few verbs in our language are always transitive, and a few others are always intransitive.  The verbs lie and lay, rise and raise, sit and set, are so frequently misused that attention is here called to them.  The verbs lie, rise, and sit (usually) are intransitive in meaning, while the verbs lay, raise, and set are transitive.  The word sit may sometimes take a reflexive object:  [They sat themselves down to rest].