(c) Nouns in the objective case are used as follows:—­

1.  As the direct object of a verb, termed either the direct object or the object complement:  [I saw a host of golden daffodils].

 2.  As the objective complement:  [They crowned him king].

 3.  As the indirect object of a verb:  [We gave Ethel a ring].

4.  As the object of a preposition:  [John Smith explored the coast of New England].

5.  As the subject of an infinitive:  [He commanded the man (him)to go without delay].

6.  As the attribute of an expressed subject of the infinitive to be:  [I thought it to be John (him)].

 7.  As an adverbial noun:  [He came last week].

8.  As a noun in apposition with an object:  [Stanley found Livingstone, the great explorer].

+29.  Equivalents for Nouns.+

1.  Pronoun:  [John gave his father a book for Christmas].

2.  Adjective:  [The good alone are truly great].

3.  Adverb:  [I do not understand the whys and wherefores of the process].

4.  A gerund, or infinitive in ing:  [Seeing is believing].

5.  An infinitive or infinitive phrase:  [With him, to think is to act].

6.  Clause:  [It is hard for me to believe that she took the money].  Noun clauses may be used as subject, object, attribute complement, and appositive.

7.  A prepositional phrase:  [Over the fence is out].

PRONOUNS

+30.  Antecedent.+—­The most common equivalent for a noun is the pronoun.  The substantive for which the pronoun is an equivalent is called the antecedent, and with this antecedent the pronoun must agree in person, number, and gender, but not necessarily in case.

+31.  Classes of Pronouns.+—­Pronouns are commonly divided into five classes, and sometimes a sixth class is added:  (1) personal pronouns, (2) relative pronouns, (3) interrogative pronouns, (4) demonstrative pronouns, (5) adjective pronouns,(6) indefinite pronouns (not always added).

+32.  Personal Pronouns.+—­Personal pronouns are so called because they show by their form whether they refer to the first, the second, or the third person.  There are five personal pronouns in common use:  I, you, he, she, and it.

+33.  Constructions of Personal Pronouns.+—­The personal pronouns are used in the same ways in which nouns are used.  Besides the regular uses that the personal pronoun has, there are some special uses that should be understood.

1.  The word it is often used in an indefinite way at the beginning of a sentence:  [It snows].  When so used, it has no antecedent, and we say it is used impersonally.

2.  The pronoun it is often used as the grammatical subject of a sentence in which the logical subject is found after the predicate verb:  [It is impossible for us to go].  When so used the pronoun it is called an expletive.  There is used in the same way.