“When Mary was fourteen years old, the priest Zacharias (or Abiathar, as he is elsewhere called) inquired of the Lord concerning her, what was right to be done; and an angel came to him and said, ’Go forth, and call together all the widowers among the people, and let each bring his rod (or wand) in his hand, and he to whom the Lord shall show a sign, let him be the husband of Mary.  And Zacharias did as the angel commanded, and made proclamation accordingly.  And Joseph the carpenter, a righteous man, throwing down his axe, and taking his staff in his hand, ran out with the rest.  When he appeared before the priest, and presented his rod, lo! a dove issued out of it—­a dove dazzling white as the snow,—­and after settling on his head, flew towards heaven.  Then the high priest said to him, ’Thou art the person chosen to take the Virgin of the Lord, and to keep her for him.’  And Joseph was at first afraid, and drew back, but afterwards he took her home to his house, and said to her, ’Behold, I have taken thee from the temple of the Lord, and now I will leave thee in my house, for I must go and follow my trade of building.  I will return to thee, and meanwhile the Lord be with thee and watch over thee.’  So Joseph left her, and Mary remained in her house.”

There is nothing said of any marriage ceremony, some have even affirmed that Mary was only betrothed to Joseph, but for conclusive reasons it remains an article of faith that she was married to him.

I must mention here an old tradition cited by St. Jerome, and which has been used as a text by the painters.  The various suitors who aspired to the honour of marrying the consecrated “Virgin of the Lord,” among whom was the son of the high-priest, deposited their wands in the temple over night,[1] and next morning the rod of Joseph was found, like the rod of Aaron, to have budded forth into leaves and flowers.  The other suitors thereupon broke their wands in rage and despair; and one among them, a youth of noble lineage, whose name was Agabus, fled to Mount Carmel, and became an anchorite, that is to say, a Carmelite friar.

[Footnote 1:  The suitors kneeling with their wands before the altar in the Temple, is one of the series by Giotto in the Arena at Padua.]

According to the Abbe Orsini, who gives a long description of the espousals of Mary and Joseph, they returned after the marriage ceremony to Nazareth, and dwelt in the house of St. Anna.

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Now, with regard to the representations, we find that many of the early painters, and particularly the Italians, have carefully attended to the fact, that, among the Jews, marriage was a civil contract, not a religious rite.  The ceremony takes place in the open air, in a garden, or in a landscape, or in front of the temple.  Mary, as a meek and beautiful maiden of about fifteen, attended by a train of virgins, stands on the right; Joseph, behind whom are seen the