Lombroso and others have emphasized the theory that the criminal is a distinct physical type.  This doctrine has been so positively asserted and with such a show of statistics and authority, that it has many advocates.  More recent investigations seem to show conclusively that there is little or no foundation for the idea that the criminal is a separate type.  Men accustomed to criminal courts and prisons cannot avoid being impressed with the marks of inferiority that are apparent in prisoners.  Most prisoners are wretched and poorly nourished, wear poor clothes and are uncared-for and unkempt.  Their stunted appearance is doubtless due largely to poor food, the irregularity of nourishment, and the sordidness of their lives in general.  One also imagines that a prisoner looks the part, and in his clothes and surroundings he generally does.  It is hard for a prisoner to look well-groomed; he has neither the opportunity nor the ambition to give much attention to his personal appearance.  The looks of the prisoners are of little value.  Nothing but actual measurements could give real information, and these do not sustain the theory of their being different from other men.

It is not possible to see how the criminal can be of a distinct physical type.  Criminality exists only in reference to an environment.  One cannot be born a criminal.  One may be, and often is, born with such an imperfect equipment that he cannot make his adjustments to life, and soon falls a victim to crime and disease.  All that a physical examination could do would be to show the strength or weakness of the body and its various organs.  What may befall him will depend partly on the kind and quality of his mind and nervous system, and partly on the physical structure and the kind of experiences that life holds in store for him.

No doubt thorough psychological examinations would reveal something of the brain, just as physical examinations certainly would determine the strength and capacity of the body.  This would be of material aid in determining the kind of environment that should be found for the individual, and if such environment could be easily found it would avert most of the calamities which beset the path of the youth.

Something can be told of a person’s character from his eyes, the expression of the face and the contour of the head, but this information is very misleading as our everyday experience shows.  It is not necessary to find stigmata in the prisoner to know that he was born the way he is.  One’s character must be fixed before birth whether Nature marks it on one’s head or not.  Likewise every particle of matter moves from stimuli and obedience to law, regardless of whether it shows in the face or not.  The strong are no more exempt from the law than the weak.  All the difference is that they can longer and more easily avoid disaster.

Everyone is in the habit of forming a hasty opinion of another by reading his face and noting his expression.  But the indication given by facial expression is mainly the product of the life that has been lived, and tells something of the part that the hidden emotions have played on the body.