LIST OF WOOD-CUT ILLUSTRATIONS.

Richard’s Farewell to the Holy Land 10

Defeat of the Turks 16

The Christians of the Holy City defiling before Saladin. 28

Richard Coeur de Lion having the Saracens beheaded. . 37

Sire de Joinville 55

The Death of St. Louis 64

Thomas de Marie made Prisoner 69

Louis the Fat on an Expedition 69

The Battle of Bouvines 81

Death of De Montfort 104

De la Marche’s parting Insult 126

“It is rather hard Bread.” 146

The Battle of Courtrai 167

Colonna striking the Pope 185

The Hanging of Marigny 200

The Peasants resolved to Live according to their own Inclinations and their own Laws. . . . 209

Insurrection in favor of the Commune at Cambrai 214

Burghers of Laon 220

View of the Town of Laon 223

Bishop Gaudri dragged from the Cask 224

The Cathedral of Laon 233

Homage of Edward iii. to Philip vi. 250

Van Artevelde at his Door 264

“See!  See!” she cried 283

Statue of James Van Artevelde 296

Queen Philippa at the Feet of the King 314

John ii., called the Good 318

“Father, ware right!  Father, ware left!” 326

King John taken Prisoner 326

Arrest of the Dauphin’s Councillors 334

Charles the Bad, King of Navarre 335

The Louvre in the Fourteenth Century 336

Stephen Marcel 342

The Murder of the Marshals 345

“In his Hands the Keys of the Gates.” 354

Charles V. 371

Big Ferre 376

Bertrand du Guesclin 388

Putting the Keys on Du Guesclin’s Bier 407

A POPULAR HISTORY OF FRANCE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES.

CHAPTER XVII.——­THE CRUSADES, THEIR DECLINE AND END.

In the month of August, 1099, the Crusade, to judge by appearances, had attained its object.  Jerusalem was in the hands of the Christians, and they had set up in it a king, the most pious and most disinterested of the crusaders.  Close to this ancient kingdom were growing up likewise, in the two chief cities of Syria and Mesopotamia, Antioch and Edessa, two Christian principalities, in the possession of two crusader-chiefs, Bohemond and Baldwin.  A third Christian principality was on the point of getting founded at the foot of Libanus, at Tripolis, for the advantrge of another crusader, Bertrand, eldest son of Count Raymond of Toulouse.  The conquest of Syria and Palestine seemed accomplished, in the name of the faith, and by the armies of Christian Europe; and the conquerors calculated so surely upon their fixture that, during his reign, short as it was (for he was elected king July 23, 1099, and died July 18, 1100, aged only forty years), Godfrey de Bouillon caused to be drawn up and published, under the title of Assizes of Jerusalem, a code of laws, which transferred to Asia the customs and traditions of the feudal system, just as they existed in France at the moment of his departure for the Holy Land.