laden with fruit.”  These facilities of existence, the softness of the climate, the pleasantness of the places, the frequency of leisure, partly pleasure and partly care-for-nothingness, caused amongst the crusaders irregularity, license, indiscipline, carelessness, and often perils and reverses.  The Turks profited thereby to make sallies, which threw the camp into confusion and cost the lives of crusaders surprised or scattered about.  Winter came; provisions grew scarce, and had to be sought at a greater distance and at greater peril; and living ceased to be agreeable or easy.  Disquietude, doubts concerning the success of the enterprise, fatigue and discouragement made way amongst the army; and men who were believed to be proved, Robert Shorthose, duke of Normandy, William, viscount of Melun, called the Carpenter, on account of his mighty battle-axe, and Peter the Hermit himself, “who had never learned,” says Robert the monk, “to endure such plaguy hunger,” left the camp and deserted the banner of the cross, “that there might be seen, in the words of the Apocalypse, even the stars falling from heaven,” says Guibert of Nogent.  Great were the scandal and the indignation.  Tancred hurried after the fugitives and brought then back; and they swore on the Gospel never again to abandon the cause which they had preached and served so well.  It was clearly indispensable to take measures for restoring amongst the army discipline, confidence, and the morals and hopes of Christians.  The different chiefs applied themselves thereto by very different processes, according to their vocation, character, or habits.  Adhdmar, bishop of Puy, the renowned spiritual chief of the crusade, Godfrey de Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse, and the military chieftains renowned for piety and virtue made head against all kinds of disorder either by fervent addresses or severe prohibitions.  Men caught drunk had their hair cut off; blasphemous and reckless gamesters were branded with a red-hot iron; and the women were shut up in separate tents.  To the irregularities within were added the perils of incessant espionage on the part of the Turks in the very camp of the crusaders:  and no one knew how to repress this evil.  “Brethren and lords,” said Bohemond to the assembled princes, “let me undertake this business by myself; I hope, with God’s help, to find a remedy for this complaint.”  Caring but little for moral reform, he strove to strike terror into the Turks, and, by counteraction, restore confidence to the crusaders.  “One evening,” says William of Tyre, “whilst everybody was, as usual, occupied in getting supper ready, Bohemond ordered some Turks who had been caught in the camp to be brought out of prison and put to death forthwith; and then, having had a huge fire lighted, he gave instructions that they should be roasted and carefully prepared as if for being eaten.  If it should be asked what operation was going on, he commanded his people to answer, ’The princes and governors of the camp this day decreed