localities, or to certain people; and would agree between themselves for the interchange or ransom of prisoners.  There is a letter of Boone’s extant in which he notifies a leading Kentucky colonel that a certain captive woman must be given up, in accordance with an agreement he has made with one of the noted Indian chiefs; and he insists upon the immediate surrender of the woman, to clear his “promise and obligation.” [Footnote:  Draper MSS., Boone Papers.  Boone to Robert Patterson, March 16,1787.]

    The Indians Harry the Boats on the Ohio.

The Indians watched the Ohio with especial care, and took their toll from the immense numbers of immigrants who went down it.  After passing the Muskingum no boat was safe.  If the war parties, lurking along the banks, came on a boat moored to the shore, or swept thither by wind or current, the crew was at their mercy; and grown bold by success, they sometimes launched small flotillas of canoes and attacked the scows on the water.  In such attacks they were often successful, for they always made the assault with the odds in their favor; though they were sometimes beaten back with heavy loss.

When the war was at its height the boats going down the Ohio preferred to move in brigades.  An army officer has left a description [Footnote:  Denny’s Military Journal, April 19, 1790.] of one such flotilla, over which he had assumed command.  It contained sixteen flat-boats, then usually called “Kentuck boats,” and two keels.  The flat-boats were lashed three together and kept in one line.  The women, children, and cattle were put in the middle scows, while the outside were manned and worked by the men.  The keel boats kept on either flank.  This particular flotilla was unmolested by the Indians, but was almost wrecked in a furious storm of wind and rain.

    Vain Efforts to Conclude Treaties of Peace.

The Federal authorities were still hopelessly endeavoring to come to some understanding with the Indians; they were holding treaties with some of the tribes, sending addresses and making speeches to others, and keeping envoys in the neighborhood of Detroit.  These envoys watched the Indians who were there, and tried to influence the great gatherings of different tribes who came together at Sandusky to consult as to the white advance. [Footnote:  State Department MSS., No. 150, vol. iii.  Harmar’s speech to the Indians at Vincennes, September 17, 1787.  Richard Butler to the Secretary of War, May 4, 1788, etc.]

These efforts to negotiate were as disheartening as was usually the case under such circumstances.  There were many different tribes, and some were for peace, while others were for war; and even the peaceful ones could not restrain their turbulent young men.  Far off nations of Indians who had never been harmed by the whites, and were in no danger from them, sent war parties to the Ohio; and the friendly tribes let them pass without interference.  The Iroquois