11.  The Irish schoolmaster was everywhere a feature of early western society.

12.  McAfee MSS.  MS. Autobiography of Rev. Wm. Hickman, born in Virginia in 1747 (in Col.  R. T. Durrett’s library).  “Trans-Alleghany Pioneers,” 147.  “History of Kentucky Baptists,” J. H. Spencer (Cincinnati, 1885)

13.  Boon, though of English descent, had no Virginia blood in his veins; he was an exact type of the regular backwoodsman; but in Clark, and still more in Blount, we see strong traces of the “cavalier spirit.”  Of course, the Cavaliers no more formed the bulk of the Virginia people than they did of Rupert’s armies; but the squires and yeomen who went to make up the mass took their tone from their leaders.

14.  Many of the most noted hunters and Indian fighters were of German origin, (see “Early Times in Middle Tennessee,” John Carr, Nashville, 1859, pp. 54 and 56, for Steiner and Mansker—­or Stoner and Mansco.) Such were the Wetzels, famous in border annals, who lived near Wheeling; Michael Steiner, the Steiners being the forefathers of many of the numerous Kentucky Stoners of to-day; and Kasper Mansker, the “Mr. Mansco” of Tennessee writers.  Every old western narrative contains many allusions to “Dutchmen,” as Americans very properly call the Germans.  Their names abound on the muster-rolls, pay-rolls, lists of settlers, etc., of the day (Blount MSS., State Department MSS., McAfee MSS., Am.  State Papers, etc.); but it must be remembered that they are often Anglicized, when nothing remains to show the origin of the owners.  We could not recognize in Custer and Herkomer, Kuster and Herckheimer, were not the ancestral history of the two generals already known; and in the backwoods, a man often loses sight of his ancestors in a couple of generations.  In the Carolinas the Germans seem to have been almost as plentiful on the frontiers as the Irish (see Adair, 245, and Smyth’s “Tour,” I., 236).  In Pennsylvania they lived nearer civilization (Schoolcraft, 3, 335, “Journey in the West in 1785,” by Lewis Brantz), although also mixed with the borderers, the more adventurous among them naturally seeking the frontier.

15.  Giving to the backwoods society such families as the Seviers and Lenoirs.  The Huguenots, like the Germans, frequently had their names Anglicized.  The best known and most often quoted example is that of the Blancpied family, part of whom have become Whitefoots, while the others, living on the coast, have suffered a marvellous sea-change, the name reappearing as “Blumpy.”

16.  To the western American, who was not given to nice ethnic distinctions, both German and Hollander were simply Dutchmen but occasionally we find names like Van Meter, Van Buskirk, Van Sweanngen, which carry their origin on their faces (De Haas, 317, 319.  Doddridge, 307).

17.  The Scandinavian names in an unlettered community, soon become indistinguishable from those of the surrounding American’s—­Jansen, Petersen, etc., being readily Americanized.  It is therefore rarely that they show their parentage.  Still, we now and then come across one that is unmistakable, as Erickson, for instance (see p. 51 of Col.  Reuben T. Durrett’s admirable “Life and Writings of John Filson,” Louisville and Cincinnati, 1884).