women to those of the section or sections to which they themselves do not belong.  Two proofs or exemplifications of this are conspicuous. (1) There is probably no place in which the common opinion of Melanesians approves the intercourse of the unmarried youths and girls as a thing good in itself, though it allows it as a thing to be expected and excused; but intercourse within the limit which restrains from marriage, where two members of the same division are concerned, is a crime, is incest.... (2) The feeling, on the other hand, that the intercourse of the sexes was natural where the man and woman belonged to different divisions, was shown by that feature of native hospitality which provided a guest with a temporary wife.”  Though now denied in some places, “there can be no doubt that it was common everywhere.”

Nor can there be any doubt that what Codrington here says of the Melanesians applies also to Polynesians, Australians, and to uncivilized peoples in general.  It shows that even where monogamy prevails—­as it does quite extensively among the lower races[12]—­we must not look for monopolism as a matter of course.  The two are very far from being identical.  Primitive marriage is not a matter of sentiment but of utility and sensual greed.  Monogamy, in its lower phases, does not exclude promiscuous intercourse before marriage and (with the husband’s permission) after marriage.  A man appropriates a particular woman, not because he is solicitous for a monopoly of her chaste affections, but because he needs a drudge to cook and toil for him.  Primitive marriage, in short, has little in common with civilized marriage except the name—­an important fact the disregard of which has led to no end of confusion in anthropological and sociological literature.[13]

TRIAL MARRIAGES

At a somewhat higher stage, marriage becomes primarily an institution for raising soldiers for the state or sons to perform ancestor worship.  This is still very far from the modern ideal which makes marriage a lasting union of two loving souls, children or no children.  Particularly instructive, from our point of view, is the custom of trial marriage, which has prevailed among many peoples differing otherwise as widely as ancient Egyptians and modern Borneans.[14] A modern lover would loathe the idea of such a trial marriage, because he feels sure that his love will be eternal and unalterable.  He may be mistaken, but that at any rate is his ideal:  it includes lasting monopolism.  If a modern sweetheart offered her lover a temporary marriage, he would either firmly and anxiously decline it, fearing that she might take advantage of the contract and leave him at the end of the year; or, what is much more probable, his love, if genuine, would die a sudden death, because no respectable girl could make such an offer, and genuine love cannot exist without respect for the beloved, whatever may be said to the contrary by those who know not the difference between sensual and sentimental love.