as the writers say; that the phenomena characterizing it are also found in friendship, in patriotism, and that the intensity of this emotion is due entirely to the anticipation of carnal enjoyment.  Turgenieff objected to these views; in his opinion love is a sentiment which has a unique color of its own—­a quality differentiating it from all other sentiments—­eliminating the lover’s own personality, as it were.  The Russian novelist obviously had a conception of the purity of love, for Goncourt reports him as “speaking of his first love for a woman as a thing entirely spiritual, having nothing in common with materiality.”  And now follows Goncourt’s confession: 

“In all this, the thing to regret is that neither Flaubert ... nor Zola, nor myself, have ever been very seriously in love and that we are therefore unable to describe love.  Turgenieff alone could have done that, but he lacks precisely the critical sense which we could have exercised in this matter had we been in love after his fashion.”

The vast majority of the human race has not yet got beyond the sensual stage of amorous evolution, or realized the difference between sentimentality and sentiment.  There is much food for thought in this sentence from Henry James’s charming essay on France’s most poetic writer—­Theophile Gautier: 

“It has seemed to me rather a painful exhibition of the prurience of the human mind that in most of the notices of the author’s death (those at least published in England and America), this work alone [Mile. de Maupin] should have been selected as the critic’s text.”

Readers are interested only in emotions with which they are familiar by experience.  Howells’s refined love-scenes have often been sneered at by men who like raw whiskey but cannot appreciate the delicate bouquet of Chambertin.  As Professor Ribot remarks:  in the higher regions of science, art, religion, and morals there are emotions so subtle and elevated that

“not more than one individual in a hundred thousand or even in a million can experience them.  The others are strangers to them, or do not know of their existence except vaguely, from what they hear about them.  It is a promised land, which only the select can enter.”

I believe that romantic love is a sentiment which more than one person in a million can experience, and more than one in a hundred thousand.  How many more, I shall not venture to guess.  All the others know love only as a sensual craving.  To them “I love you” means “I long for you, covet you, am eager to enjoy you”; and this feeling is not love of another but self-love, more or less disguised—­the kind of “love” which makes a young man shoot a girl who refuses him.  The mediaeval writer Leon Hebraeus evidently knew of no other when he defined love as “a desire to enjoy that which is good”; nor Spinoza when he defined it as laetetia concomitante idea externae causae—­a pleasure accompanied by the thought of its external cause.