Against these measures—­so calculated to precipitate a rising, and by which the innocent and well-disposed suffered no less than the guilty—­Grattan, Ponsonby, and other members of the Opposition protested vehemently.  They also drew up and laid before the House a Bill of reform which, if passed, would, they pledged themselves, effectually allay the agitation and content all but the most irreconcilable.  Their efforts, however, were utterly vain.  Many of the members of the House of Commons were themselves in a state of panic, and therefore impervious to argument.  The motion was defeated by an enormous majority, a general election was close at hand, and feeling the fruitlessness of further struggle Grattan, as already stated, refused to offer himself for re-election, and retired despairingly from the scene.

The commander-in-chief, Lord Carhampton and his subordinate General Lake were the two men directly responsible for the misconduct of the troops in Ireland.  So disgraceful had become the license allowed that loud complaints were made in both the English Houses of Parliament, in consequence of which Lord Carhampton was recalled and Sir Ralph Abercromby sent in his place.  He more than endorsed the worst of the accounts which had been forwarded.  “Every cruelty that could be committed by Cossacks or Calmucks,” he states, “has been committed here.”  “The manner in which the troops have been employed would ruin,” he adds, “the best in Europe.”  He at once set himself to change the system, to keep the garrison in the principal towns, and to forbid the troops acting except under the immediate direction of a magistrate.  The Irish Executive however was in no mood to submit to these prudent restrictions.  Angry disputes broke out.  Lord Camden, the Lord-Lieutenant, vacillated from side to side, and the end was that in April, 1797, Sir Ralph Abercromby indignantly resigned the command, which then fell into General Lake’s hands, and matters again went on as before.

Meanwhile the failure of the French descent under Hoche, and the defeat of the Dutch fleet at the battle of Camperdown in the autumn of 1797, had determined Lord Edward Fitzgerald and the other chiefs of the executive committee to attempt an independent rising.  Wolfe Tone was still in France, eagerly endeavouring to bring about a fresh expedition, so that their councils had not even the advantage of his guidance.  The Government had full information of all their proceedings, being kept well informed by spies, several of whom were actually enrolled in the association.  In March, 1798, a sudden descent was made upon the executive committee, which had met at the house of a man called Bond, and a number of delegates and several leaders arrested.  Lord Edward, however, received warning and went into concealment, and it was while in hiding that he hastily concerted a scheme for a general rising, which was now definitely fixed to take place upon the 24th of May.