[Illustration:  THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL OF STAFFORD, 1641.]

He arrived in Ireland as to a conquered country, and proceeded promptly to act upon that understanding.  His chief aim was to show that a parliament, properly managed, could be made not a menace, but a tool in the hand of the king.  With this end he summoned an Irish one immediately upon his arrival, and so managed the elections that Protestants and Catholics should nearly equally balance one another.  Upon its assembling, he ordered peremptorily that a subsidy of L100,000, to cover the debts to the Crown, should be voted.  There would, he announced, be a second session, during which certain long-deferred “graces” and other demands would be considered.  The sum was obediently voted, but the second session never came.  The parliament was abruptly dissolved by the deputy, and did not meet again for nearly four years.

The Connaught landlords were the next whom he took in hand.  We have seen in the last chapter that they had recently paid a large sum to the Crown, in order to ward off the dangers of a plantation.  This did not satisfy Wentworth.  Their titles were again called into question.  He swept down in person into the province, with the commissioners of plantations at his heels; discovered, to his own complete satisfaction, that all the titles of all the five western counties were defective, and that, as a natural consequence, all lapsed to the Crown.  The juries of Mayo, Sligo, and Roscommon were overawed into submission, but the Galway jury were obstinate, and refused to dispossess the proprietors.  Wentworth thereupon took them back with him to Dublin, summoned them before the Court of the Castle Chamber, where they were sentenced to pay a fine of L4,000 each, and the sheriff L1000, and to remain in prison until they had done so.  The unfortunate sheriff died in prison.  Lord Clanricarde, the principal Galway landlord, died also shortly afterwards, of anxiety and mortification.  The others submitted, and were let off by the triumphant deputy with the surrender, in some cases, of large portions of their estates, in others of heavy fines.

By these means, and others too long to enter into here, he contrived to raise the annual Irish revenue to a surplus of L60,000, with part of which he proceeded to set on foot and equip an army for the king of 10,000 foot and 1,000 horse, ready to be marched at a moment’s notice.  This part of the programme was intended as a menace less against Ireland than England.  Charles was to be absolute in both islands, and, to be so, his Irish subjects were to help him to coerce his English ones.