[Illustration:  Spinning House—­Last Building to the Right]

[Illustration:  The Butler’s House and Magnolia Set out by Washington the Year of his Death]

He found that he dared not leave his wine unlocked, because the servants would steal two glasses to every one consumed by visitors and then allege that the visitors had drunk it all.

He even suspected the slaves of taking a toll from the clover and timothy seed given them to sow and adopted the practice of having the seed mixed with sand, as that rendered it unsalable and also had the advantage of getting the seed sown more evenly.

Corn houses and meat houses had to be kept locked, apples picked early, and sheep and pigs watched carefully or the slaves took full advantage of the opportunity.  Nor can we at this distant day blame them very much or wax so indignant as did their master over their thieveries.  They were held to involuntary servitude and if now and then they got the better of their owner and managed to enjoy a few stolen luxuries they merely did a little toward evening the score.  But it was poor training for future freedom.

The black picture which Washington draws of slavery—­from the master’s standpoint—­is exceedingly interesting and significant.  The character he gives the slaves is commended to the attention of those persons who continually bemoan the fact that freedom and education have ruined the negroes.

One of the famous “Rules of Civility,” which the boy Washington so carefully copied, set forth that persons of high degree ought to treat their inferiors “with affibility & Courtesie, without Arrogancy.”  There is abundant evidence that when he came to manhood he was reasonably considerate of his slaves, and yet he was a Master and ruled them in martinet fashion.  His advice to a manager was to keep the blacks at a proper distance, “for they will grow upon familiarity in proportion as you will sink in authority.”  The English farmer Parkinson records that the first time he walked with General Washington among his negroes he was amazed at the rough manner in which he spoke to them.  This does not mean that Washington cursed his negroes as the mate of a Mississippi River boat does his roustabouts, but I suspect that those who have heard such a mate can form an idea of the tone employed by our Farmer that so shocked Parkinson.  Military officers still employ it toward their men.

Corporal punishment was resorted to on occasion, but not to extremes.  The Master writes regarding a runaway:  “Let Abram get his deserts when taken, by way of example; but do not trust to Crow to give it to him;—­for I have reason to believe he is swayed more by passion than by judgment in all his corrections.”  Tradition says that on one occasion he found an overseer brutally beating one of the blacks and, indignant at the sight, sprang from his horse and, whip in hand, strode up to the overseer, who was so affrighted that he backed away crying loudly:  “Remember your character, General, remember your character!” The General paused, reprimanded the overseer for cruelty and rode off.