of finance, in order to further what it believes to be the political interests of the country.  The formation of the Six Power Group in China meant that the financial strength of England and France had to be shared, for political reasons, with powers which had, on purely financial grounds, no claim whatever to participate in the business of furnishing capital to China.  The introduction to the 1898 edition of “Fenn on the Funds,” expresses the view that our Government is ready to protect our traders abroad, but only helps investors when it suits it to do so.  “If,” it says, “a barbarian potentate’s subjects rob a British trader we never hesitate to insist upon the payment of liberal compensation, which we enforce if necessary by a ‘punitive expedition,’ but if a civilized Government robs a large number of British investors, the Government does not even, so far as we know, enlist the help of its diplomatic service.  Only when, as in the case of Egypt, there are important political objects in view, does the State protect those citizens who are creditors of foreign nations.  One or two other countries, notably Germany, set us a good example, with the best results as far as their investors are concerned.”  Germany is often thus taken as the example of the State which gives its financiers the most efficient backing abroad; but even in Germany finance is, like everything else, the obedient servant of the military and political authorities.  For several years before the present war, the financiers of Berlin were forbidden to engage in moneylending operations abroad.  No doubt the Government saw that the present war was coming, and so it preferred to keep German money at home.  It is true that Germany once shook its mailed fist with some vigour on behalf of its financial interest when it made, with us, a demonstration against Venezuela.  But it is at least possible that it did so chiefly with a view to the promotion of the popularity of its navy at home, and to making it easier to get the money for its upkeep and increase from the taxpayers, already oppressed by their military burden.  In Morocco questions of trade and finance were at the back of the quarrel, but it would not have become acute if it had not been for the expected political consequences that were feared from the financial penetration that was being attempted; and as has been already pointed out, the financiers are generally credited with having persuaded Germany to agree to a settlement on that occasion.

In short, finance, if left to itself, is international and peace-loving.  Many financiers are at the same time ardent patriots, and see in their efforts to enrich themselves and their own country a means for furthering its political greatness and diplomatic prestige.  Man is a jumble of contradictory crotchets, and it would be difficult to find anywhere a financier who lived, as they are all commonly supposed to do, purely for the pleasure of amassing wealth.  If such a being could be discovered he would probably be a lavish subscriber to peace societies, and would show a deep mistrust of diplomatists and politicians.