power of working.  Any lights suspended, and, in fact, all workshop lights, must have a ball-joint or universal swivel at the point where they branch from the main, as they are liable to be knocked in all directions, and must, therefore, be free to move to prevent accidents.  It is better to have wind-screens, if necessary, rather than glass lanterns, as not only does the glass stop a considerable amount of light when clean, but it is in practice constantly dirty in almost every workshop or yard.

[Illustration:  PILLAR LIGHT OR PENDANT FOR WORKSHOPS.]

For bench work and machine tools, each man must have his own light under his own control; and in this matter a little attention will make a considerable saving.  The burners should be union jets—­i. e., burners with two holes at an angle to each other—­not slit or batswing, as the latter are extremely liable to partial stoppage with dust.  Where batswing burners are used, I have often seen fully 90 per cent. more or less choked and unsatisfactory; whereas a union jet does not give any trouble.  It is not generally known that any burner used at ordinary pressures of gas gives a much better light when it is turned over with the flat of the flame horizontal, until the flame becomes saucer-shaped, as I show you.  You can see for yourselves the increase in light; and in addition to this the workman has the great advantage of a shadowless flame.  In practice, a burner consuming 5 cubic feet of gas per hour with a horizontal flame is a better fitter’s than an upright burner with 6 cubic feet per hour.  I do not believe in the policy of giving a man a poor light to work by—­it does not pay; and I never expect to get a man to work properly with smaller burners than these.  We have a good governor on the main:  and the lights are all worked with a low pressure of gas, to get the best possible duty.  As a good practical light for a man at bench moulding, the one I have here may be taken as a fair sample.  It is free to move, and the light is as near the perfect position as the necessities of the work will permit.  When the light is not wanted, by simply pushing it away it turns itself down; the swivel being, in fact, a combined swivel and tap.

[Illustration:  LOSS OF LIGHT BY GLASS SHADES.]

You will see on one of the lights I have here, a new swivel joint, which has been patented only within the last few days.  The peculiarity of this swivel is that the body is made of two hemispheres revolving on each other in a ground joint.  It will be made also with a universal movement; and its special advantage, either for gas, water, or steam, is that there is no obstruction whatever to a free passage—­in fact, the way through the swivel body is larger than the way through the pipes with which it is connected.  It can easily be made to stand any pressure, and if damaged by grit or dirt it can be reground with ease as often as necessary without deterioration, whereas an ordinary swivel, if damaged by grit, has to be thrown away as useless.