are noted for the abrupt line which marks the transition from muscle to tendon; and other instances might be cited.  As a general rule, however, numerous muscles act in concert.  Trades stamp their impress on special groups; and the power of co-ordination, which is supposed to derive its impulse from the cerebellum, varies in different persons, and marks them as clumsy or dexterous, sure-footed or the reverse.  Ling aimed only at the regulation of associated, or the equal development of antagonistic groups.  For, as the Supreme Medical Board of Russia say in their report on his system, made to the Emperor in 1850, “empirical gymnastics develop the muscular strength sometimes to a wonderful degree, and teach the execution of movements combined with an extraordinary effort of the muscles; by these means, instead of fortifying the whole body equally and generally, they often contribute to the development of the most dangerous diseases, since they do not teach the evil which the injudicious use of movements may produce.”  It was the harmonious and equable increase of all the voluntary and some of the involuntary muscles which the Swedish system sought to attain.

The authority just quoted, in continuation, says:—­“Notwithstanding bodily exercises under the name of Turnen were generally known and practised in Germany at the beginning of the present century, and many of its enlightened professional writers tried to give to them a proper direction by combining them with anatomy and physiology, Ling must be considered as the founder of the rational system of movements.”  We have all seen deformed gymnasts, with square shoulders and lank loins, or with some particular group of muscles projecting in ugly prominences from the violated outlines of nature.  All this the followers of Ling claim that he avoided or overcame.  His gymnastics were introduced years ago, not only into all the military academies of Sweden, but into all town-schools, colleges, and universities, and even orphan-asylums and country-schools.  Three objects are asserted to be obtained by his disciples:  development of muscular fibre, increased arterialization, and improved innervation.  Increase of function promotes the growth and capability of organic structures, and causes an augmented afflux of arterial blood and nervous influence to the part.

The ambitious reformer of the gymnasium did not pause here; but, pursuing a still bolder course, undertook “to make gymnastics not only a branch of education for healthy persons, but to demonstrate them to be a remedy for disease.”  The new science was called Kinesipathy, or the “motor-cure.”  The curative movements were first practised in 1813, while Ling remained at Stockholm.  A motor-hospital was established in connection with the gymnasium; and to accommodate the invalid and the feeble, new exercises, called “passive movements,” were devised.  These were executed by an external agent upon the patient,—­that agent being